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anatomy 241 > Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral column > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones along the midline

major structures includes - skull, vertebrae +discs, ribs + cartilages, sacrum, coccyx

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2
Q

Skull

A

Protection of the brain and brain stem
Protecting sensory organs
Imporatnt site of attachment for muscles and ligaments involved in speech, chewing, eye movement and facial expression

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3
Q

Joints of the skull =

A

sutures

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4
Q

sutures

A

Fibrous joint
Fused in late 20s
Membranous when young

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5
Q

Sutures of the skull

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture

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6
Q

Coronal suture

A

Seperates the front and parietal lobe

Fibrous joint

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7
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Seperates both parietals

Fibrous joint

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8
Q

Lamboid suture

A

seperates parietal and occipital bones
lamboid because it looks like the lambda sign
Fibrous joint

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9
Q

Squamous suture

A

Cranial sutures between the temporal and parietal bones bilaterally
extends posteriorly from the pterion

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10
Q

Pterion

A

region where the front, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join together

located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple

weak part of the skull because all the bones meet here therefore it is vunerable to injury

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11
Q

Anterior fontanelle

A

Diamond shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull

it is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture

more like a membrane but as a baby grows it starts to ossify

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12
Q

Posterior fontanelle

A

The junction of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

this one usually closes first

fetal skull feature that ossifies as a baby grows

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13
Q

Temporal line

A

it is where the muscle attaches to (temporalis)

on both sides of the skull

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14
Q

TMJ stands for

A

temporomandibular joint

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15
Q

TMJ

A

Temporomandibular joint
Synovial joint
Movements = protrusion, retraction, elevation and depression

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16
Q

Mandible features

A

It attaches to the temporal bone via the TMJ
It is a site for muscle attachments (e.g., for chewing, facial expressions)
It has alveolar process for teeth

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17
Q

Alveolar process

A

thickened ridge of bone that containes the tooth sockets on the jaw bones that hold teeth

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18
Q

Condylar process of mandible

A

thicker than coronoid process

condyler processes articulate with the temporal bone to create the TMJ which permits mobility

(posterior to the coronoid process)

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19
Q

Coronoid process of mandible

A

Located on the superior aspect of the ramus

the temporalis muscle attaches here on its lateral surface, helps closing of the mouth

(in front of the condyler process)

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20
Q

Alveolar arch

A

curved border formed by the free border of the alveolar process

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21
Q

Other general features of the mandible

A

Ramus
Angle
Body

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22
Q

Mental foramen

A

one of two formina located on the anterior surface of the mandible

transmits the mental nerve

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23
Q

formamen =

A

opening

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24
Q

skull is made up of

A

viscerocranium

neurocranium

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25
neurocranium
(vault) ``` protects the brain and consists of ... Singular bones (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital) Paired bones (temporal, parietal) ```
26
viscerocranium
consists of the facial skeleton ``` Singular bones (mandible, ethmoid, vomer) Paired bones (maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae) ```
27
Viscerocranium -singular bones
mandible, ethmoid, vomer
28
Viscerocranium - paired bones
maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, | inferior nasal conchae
29
Neurocranium - singular bones
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital
30
Neurocranium - paired bones
temporal, parietal
31
Vomer
singlular bone of the viscerocranium small thin bone that seperates the right and left nasal cavities
32
Ethmoid bone
square bone at the root of the nose and has many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose
33
Upper jaw =
maxilla
34
Lower jaw =
mandible
35
Maxilla
has maxillary process bone that forms the upper jaw the right and left are irregular shaped bones and fuse together in the middle of the skull reduce the heaviness of the skull, help support the back teeth, and help to allow the voice to resonate paired bone of viscerocranium
36
Zygomatic bone
its main function is to provide structure and strength to the mid-face. the cheek bones projections called the frontal processes paired bone of viscerocranium
37
Nasal bone
The nasal bones are two small, symmetrical midface bones of the skull which build the bridge of the nose. paired bone of viscerocranium
38
Inferior nasal conchae
one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose increase the surface area of the nasal cavity – this increases the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls. paired bone of viscerocranium
39
lacrimal (location)
a small bone forming part of the eye socket. paired bone of viscerocranium
40
Supraorbital notch (foramen)
Above eye sockets Allows passage of supraorbital nerve that provides sensation of forehead skin
41
Mastoid process
process on the mastoid area of the temporal bone attachment for neck muscles
42
Styloid process
slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear
43
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
extension of the temporal bone
44
Frontal bone
Forms the anterior and superior walls Articulates with other bones via sutures coronal suture seperates frontal bone from parietal bones
45
features of the frontal bone
Supraorbital notch/foramen - contains supraorbital vein, artery, nerve Supraorbital ridge - on top of eyebrows supraorbital = situated above the orbit of the eye
46
Parietal bones
Form the lateral and superior walls Has temporal lines for temporalis muscle Contribute to pterion (a weak part of the skull)
47
Each temporal bone has ...
a mandibular fossa for TMJ mastoid and styloid processes zygomatic process internal and external acoustic meatus
48
Tympanic part of the temporal bone
curved process immediarely below the origin of the zygomatic process encloses part of the middle ear
49
External acoustic meatus
is a bony canal for the ear canal
50
Features of occipital bone
forms posterior and floor of vault occipital protuberance (for muscle and ligament attachment) Occipital condyles (for C1 articulation) Foramen magnum (for spinal cord)
51
Occipital condyles
for C1 articulation therefore in effect attaches the head to the body rounded projection
52
Foramen magnum
Hole for the spinal cord
53
External occipital protuberance
For muscle and ligament attachment Males have a more prominent one
54
Sphenoid bone
Unpaired bone of the neurocranium situated in the middle of the skull up towards the front lesser and greater wing hyperphyseal fossa for pituitary gland
55
Features of the sphenoid bone
Has greater and lesser wings Has hypophyseal fossa (for pituitary gland) Has many foramina for nerves and blood vessels Has pterygoid processes for muscles attachent
56
Pterygoid processes
muscle attachment
57
Hyperphysial fossa
for pituitary
58
fossa =
depression or hollow
59
Ethmoid bone features
Has cribriform plate (has perforations for olfactory nerves) (to prevent going into the nasal cavity) Crista galli, an attachment site for the dura ( layer of the brain, dura mater) Ethmoidal air sinuses (empty space within bone, blockage can cause infection)
60
Base of skull has ...
Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossae Hypophyseal fossa Posterior cranial fossa
61
Functions of the vertebral column
Protecting spinal cord and spinal nerves Keep the torso upright and attachment to pelvic girdle for bipedalism Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
62
Cervical number
7
63
Thoracic number
12
64
Lumbar number
5
65
Sacral number
5 and they fuse into 1 when you get older
66
Coccyx
3-4
67
Mobile vertebrae
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)
68
Fused vertebrae
Sacral (5) | Coccygeal (3-4)
69
Typical vertebrae features (lumbar)
``` Body Pedicle Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Articular processes ```
70
Pedicle
The pedicle lies between the back of the vertebral body and the transverse process there are two pedicles per vertebrae (one on each side) Connects body to vertebral arch
71
Lamina
The laminae, flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly.
72
Transverse process
Small bony projection off the right and left of each vertebrae function as a site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine)
73
Spinous process
bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine
74
Articular process
projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebrae the actual region of contact is called the articular facet
75
Cervical vertebrae features
Small body Bifurcated spinous process (for nuchal ligament attachment although it is not the point of origin or insertion) Transverse foramina for vertebral artery (foramen transversarium) (on transverse process) C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) are specialized
76
Cervical - anterior tubercle
thickening of bone
77
Cervical - facet for occipital condyle
forms part of the atlantooccipital joint which is important for nodding motion
78
Cervical - spinous process
Bifurcated spinous process - split into 2, for ligament
79
Cervical - Axis (CII)
Dens - comes in contact with facet for dens on the atlas (C1) Atlantoaxial joint - for shaking head side to side/for neck rotation (between C1 and C2)
80
Features of thoracic vertebrae
Spinous process points downward Has costal facets for rib attachment: superior, inferior, transverse Little movement between two adjacent vertebrae Multiple thoracic vertebrae allow more movements demifacet for articularion with head of its own rib, demifacet for articulation with head of rib below (another rib)
81
Lumbar vertebrae features
Large body for load bearing (transmit force from upper body) Do not allow much movement (not very mobile, needs to support the body, holds weight from the top of the body) Distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2 (spinal cord ends at L1/L2) Only cauda equina below this level; important site for lumbar puncture
82
Sacrum features
5 fused vertebrae Forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis It has sacral canal (superior, inferior extension of vertebral canal (foramen( and contains the sacral coccygeal spinal nerves, which descend from the end of the spinal cord at L1 as part of the cauda equina), sacral hiatus (inferior, gap at the lower end of the sacrum, exposing the vertebral canal)
83
Sacral cornua
Comes into contact with coccyx at coccygeal cornu
84
Sacral coccygeal symphysis
has disc | fibrocartilage
85
Coccyx
The number varies between people "vestigial tail" in human Forms the sacrococcygeal symphysis Easily fractured, deteriorates with age
86
Joints of the vertebral column
Zygapophyseal joint is a synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae It forms the invertebral foramen, for spinal nerve Intervertebral discs are found between vertebrae, consisting of anulus fibrosus (fibrous structure) and nucleus pulposus (lots of water content which decreases with age) (there is also a layer of hyaline cartilage)
87
Intervertebral forament
for the spinal nerve
88
Zygapophysial (facet) joint
inferior articular process and superior articular process form this joint
89
Vertebral ligaments
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to vertebral body Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava) is located between adjacent lamina Ligamentum nuchae extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support Supraspinous ligament connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum Interspinous ligament is between spinous processes
90
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to vertebral body along the length of the vertebrae, continuous
91
Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava)
Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava) is located between adjacent lamina not continuous, multiple of them between two vertebrae
92
Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)
Ligamentum nuchae extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support large, triangular in shape
93
Supraspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum above spinous process
94
Interspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament is between spinous processes
95
Whiplash injury
Hyperextension of the neck e.g. from rear-end collision, especially when the head rest is low Anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn. "Teardrop" fracture and dislocation of vertebrae. Torn anterior longitudinal ligament.

anatomy 241 (29 decks)

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