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anatomy 241 > Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral column > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones along the midline

major structures includes - skull, vertebrae +discs, ribs + cartilages, sacrum, coccyx

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2
Q

Skull

A

Protection of the brain and brain stem
Protecting sensory organs
Imporatnt site of attachment for muscles and ligaments involved in speech, chewing, eye movement and facial expression

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3
Q

Joints of the skull =

A

sutures

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4
Q

sutures

A

Fibrous joint
Fused in late 20s
Membranous when young

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5
Q

Sutures of the skull

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture

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6
Q

Coronal suture

A

Seperates the front and parietal lobe

Fibrous joint

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7
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Seperates both parietals

Fibrous joint

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8
Q

Lamboid suture

A

seperates parietal and occipital bones
lamboid because it looks like the lambda sign
Fibrous joint

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9
Q

Squamous suture

A

Cranial sutures between the temporal and parietal bones bilaterally
extends posteriorly from the pterion

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10
Q

Pterion

A

region where the front, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join together

located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple

weak part of the skull because all the bones meet here therefore it is vunerable to injury

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11
Q

Anterior fontanelle

A

Diamond shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull

it is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture

more like a membrane but as a baby grows it starts to ossify

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12
Q

Posterior fontanelle

A

The junction of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

this one usually closes first

fetal skull feature that ossifies as a baby grows

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13
Q

Temporal line

A

it is where the muscle attaches to (temporalis)

on both sides of the skull

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14
Q

TMJ stands for

A

temporomandibular joint

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15
Q

TMJ

A

Temporomandibular joint
Synovial joint
Movements = protrusion, retraction, elevation and depression

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16
Q

Mandible features

A

It attaches to the temporal bone via the TMJ
It is a site for muscle attachments (e.g., for chewing, facial expressions)
It has alveolar process for teeth

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17
Q

Alveolar process

A

thickened ridge of bone that containes the tooth sockets on the jaw bones that hold teeth

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18
Q

Condylar process of mandible

A

thicker than coronoid process

condyler processes articulate with the temporal bone to create the TMJ which permits mobility

(posterior to the coronoid process)

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19
Q

Coronoid process of mandible

A

Located on the superior aspect of the ramus

the temporalis muscle attaches here on its lateral surface, helps closing of the mouth

(in front of the condyler process)

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20
Q

Alveolar arch

A

curved border formed by the free border of the alveolar process

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21
Q

Other general features of the mandible

A

Ramus
Angle
Body

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22
Q

Mental foramen

A

one of two formina located on the anterior surface of the mandible

transmits the mental nerve

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23
Q

formamen =

A

opening

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24
Q

skull is made up of

A

viscerocranium

neurocranium

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25
Q

neurocranium

A

(vault)

protects the brain and consists of ... 
Singular bones (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital) 
Paired bones (temporal, parietal)
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26
Q

viscerocranium

A

consists of the facial skeleton

Singular bones (mandible, ethmoid, vomer)
Paired bones (maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal,
inferior nasal conchae)
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27
Q

Viscerocranium -singular bones

A

mandible, ethmoid, vomer

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28
Q

Viscerocranium - paired bones

A

maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal,

inferior nasal conchae

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29
Q

Neurocranium - singular bones

A

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital

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30
Q

Neurocranium - paired bones

A

temporal, parietal

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31
Q

Vomer

A

singlular bone of the viscerocranium

small thin bone that seperates the right and left nasal cavities

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32
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

square bone at the root of the nose and has many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose

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33
Q

Upper jaw =

A

maxilla

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34
Q

Lower jaw =

A

mandible

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35
Q

Maxilla

A

has maxillary process

bone that forms the upper jaw

the right and left are irregular shaped bones and fuse together in the middle of the skull

reduce the heaviness of the skull, help support the back teeth, and help to allow the voice to resonate

paired bone of viscerocranium

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36
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

its main function is to provide structure and strength to the mid-face.

the cheek bones

projections called the frontal processes

paired bone of viscerocranium

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37
Q

Nasal bone

A

The nasal bones are two small, symmetrical midface bones of the skull which build the bridge of the nose.

paired bone of viscerocranium

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38
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose

increase the surface area of the nasal cavity – this increases the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls.

paired bone of viscerocranium

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39
Q

lacrimal (location)

A

a small bone forming part of the eye socket.

paired bone of viscerocranium

40
Q

Supraorbital notch (foramen)

A

Above eye sockets

Allows passage of supraorbital nerve that provides sensation of forehead skin

41
Q

Mastoid process

A

process on the mastoid area of the temporal bone

attachment for neck muscles

42
Q

Styloid process

A

slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear

43
Q

Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

A

extension of the temporal bone

44
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forms the anterior and superior walls

Articulates with other bones via sutures

coronal suture seperates frontal bone from parietal bones

45
Q

features of the frontal bone

A

Supraorbital notch/foramen - contains supraorbital
vein, artery, nerve

Supraorbital ridge
- on top of eyebrows

supraorbital = situated above the orbit of the eye

46
Q

Parietal bones

A

Form the lateral and superior walls

Has temporal lines for temporalis muscle

Contribute to pterion
(a weak part of the skull)

47
Q

Each temporal bone has …

A

a mandibular fossa for TMJ

mastoid and styloid processes

zygomatic process

internal and external acoustic meatus

48
Q

Tympanic part of the temporal bone

A

curved process immediarely below the origin of the zygomatic process

encloses part of the middle ear

49
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

is a bony canal for the ear canal

50
Q

Features of occipital bone

A

forms posterior and floor of vault

occipital protuberance (for muscle and ligament attachment)

Occipital condyles (for C1 articulation)

Foramen magnum (for spinal cord)

51
Q

Occipital condyles

A

for C1 articulation therefore in effect attaches the head to the body

rounded projection

52
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Hole for the spinal cord

53
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

For muscle and ligament attachment

Males have a more prominent one

54
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Unpaired bone of the neurocranium

situated in the middle of the skull up towards the front

lesser and greater wing

hyperphyseal fossa for pituitary gland

55
Q

Features of the sphenoid bone

A

Has greater and lesser wings

Has hypophyseal fossa (for pituitary gland)

Has many foramina for nerves and blood vessels

Has pterygoid processes for muscles attachent

56
Q

Pterygoid processes

A

muscle attachment

57
Q

Hyperphysial fossa

A

for pituitary

58
Q

fossa =

A

depression or hollow

59
Q

Ethmoid bone features

A

Has cribriform plate (has perforations for olfactory nerves) (to prevent going into the nasal cavity)

Crista galli, an attachment site for the dura ( layer of the brain, dura mater)

Ethmoidal air sinuses (empty space within bone, blockage can cause infection)

60
Q

Base of skull has …

A

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossae

Hypophyseal fossa

Posterior cranial fossa

61
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

Protecting spinal cord and spinal nerves

Keep the torso upright and attachment to pelvic girdle for bipedalism

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

62
Q

Cervical number

A

7

63
Q

Thoracic number

A

12

64
Q

Lumbar number

A

5

65
Q

Sacral number

A

5 and they fuse into 1 when you get older

66
Q

Coccyx

A

3-4

67
Q

Mobile vertebrae

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

68
Q

Fused vertebrae

A

Sacral (5)

Coccygeal (3-4)

69
Q

Typical vertebrae features (lumbar)

A 
Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
 Lamina
Spinous process
Articular processes
70
Q

Pedicle

A

The pedicle lies between the back of the vertebral body and the transverse process

there are two pedicles per vertebrae (one on each side)

Connects body to vertebral arch

71
Q

Lamina

A

The laminae, flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly.

72
Q

Transverse process

A

Small bony projection off the right and left of each vertebrae

function as a site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine)

73
Q

Spinous process

A

bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae

protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine

74
Q

Articular process

A

projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebrae

the actual region of contact is called the articular facet

75
Q

Cervical vertebrae features

A

Small body

Bifurcated spinous process (for nuchal ligament attachment although it is not the point of origin or insertion)

Transverse foramina for vertebral artery (foramen transversarium) (on transverse process)

C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) are specialized

76
Q

Cervical - anterior tubercle

A

thickening of bone

77
Q

Cervical - facet for occipital condyle

A

forms part of the atlantooccipital joint which is important for nodding motion

78
Q

Cervical - spinous process

A

Bifurcated spinous process - split into 2, for ligament

79
Q

Cervical - Axis (CII)

A

Dens - comes in contact with facet for dens on the atlas (C1)

Atlantoaxial joint - for shaking head side to side/for neck rotation (between C1 and C2)

80
Q

Features of thoracic vertebrae

A

Spinous process points downward

Has costal facets for rib attachment: superior, inferior, transverse

Little movement between two adjacent vertebrae

Multiple thoracic vertebrae allow more movements

demifacet for articularion with head of its own rib, demifacet for articulation with head of rib below (another rib)

81
Q

Lumbar vertebrae features

A

Large body for load bearing (transmit force from upper body)

Do not allow much movement (not very mobile, needs to support the body, holds weight from the top of the body)

Distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2 (spinal cord ends at L1/L2)

Only cauda equina below this level; important site for lumbar puncture

82
Q

Sacrum features

A

5 fused vertebrae

Forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis

It has sacral canal (superior, inferior extension of vertebral canal (foramen( and contains the sacral coccygeal spinal nerves, which descend from the end of the spinal cord at L1 as part of the cauda equina), sacral hiatus (inferior, gap at the lower end of the sacrum, exposing the vertebral canal)

83
Q

Sacral cornua

A

Comes into contact with coccyx at coccygeal cornu

84
Q

Sacral coccygeal symphysis

A

has disc

fibrocartilage

85
Q

Coccyx

A

The number varies between people

“vestigial tail” in human

Forms the sacrococcygeal symphysis

Easily fractured, deteriorates with age

86
Q

Joints of the vertebral column

A

Zygapophyseal joint is a synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

It forms the invertebral foramen, for spinal nerve

Intervertebral discs are found
between vertebrae, consisting of anulus fibrosus (fibrous structure) and nucleus pulposus (lots of water content which decreases with age) (there is also a layer of hyaline cartilage)

87
Q

Intervertebral forament

A

for the spinal nerve

88
Q

Zygapophysial (facet) joint

A

inferior articular process and superior articular process form this joint

89
Q

Vertebral ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to vertebral body

Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava) is located between adjacent lamina

Ligamentum nuchae extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support

Supraspinous ligament connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

Interspinous ligament is between spinous processes

90
Q

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to vertebral body

along the length of the vertebrae, continuous

91
Q

Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava)

A

Ligamentum flavum (pl. flava) is located between adjacent lamina

not continuous, multiple of them between two vertebrae

92
Q

Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)

A

Ligamentum nuchae extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support

large, triangular in shape

93
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Supraspinous ligament connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

above spinous process

94
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Interspinous ligament is between spinous processes

95
Q

Whiplash injury

A

Hyperextension of the neck

e.g. from rear-end collision, especially when the head rest is low

Anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn.

“Teardrop” fracture and dislocation of vertebrae. Torn anterior longitudinal ligament.

anatomy 241 (29 decks)

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