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anatomy 241 > Lab 5 - Axial Anatomy > Flashcards

Lab 5 - Axial Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the lower limbs

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3
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the sides

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4
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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6
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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7
Q

Superficial

A

close to the surface

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8
Q

Deep

A

under superficial structures

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9
Q

Pectoral

A

structures associated with the chest and shoulder region.

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10
Q

Longitudinal

A

from the head towards the feet

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11
Q

Horizontal

A

From side to side

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12
Q

Proximal

A

close to the structure being referred to.

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13
Q

Distal

A

distant from the structure being referred to.

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14
Q

Anterior cranial fossa accommodating the

A

frontal lobes

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15
Q

Paired middle cranial fossa accommodating the

A

temporal lobes

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16
Q

Hypophyseal fossa within the middle cranial fossa accommodating the

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

Posterior cranial fossa accommodating the

A

cerebellum

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18
Q

How do you think the temporal lines have been formed?

A

The temporal lines are where the temporalis muscle (for chewing) attaches. Contraction of this muscle results in pulling forces on the skull leading to a higher rate of bone deposition.

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19
Q

What process of the temporal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone?

A

Zygomatic process

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20
Q

What structure would be superficial to the supraorbital ridge?

A

Eyebrows

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21
Q

What bone articulates with the fossa on the inferior surface of the temporal bone?

A

Mandible

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22
Q

Is the exterior surface of the occipital bone smooth? Why?

A

No, because ligaments and muscles that hold the head erect attach here.

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23
Q

What enters/exits at the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord, blood vessels and nerves (both cranial and spinal).

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24
Q

What do the occipital condyles articulate with?

A

vertebral column - specifically atlas

25
Q

What is the name of the foramen at the junction of the occipital bone and the temporal bone? What passes through here?

A

Internal jugular vein, cranial nerves.

26
Q

Find the canals at the anterior medial portion of the sphenoid bone. What travels through here?

A

Optic canal - optic nerve, ophthalmic artery.

27
Q

Facial bones

A

The facial bones are the thirteen bones of the skull that do not directly oppose the meninges.

28
Q

Which bones do the zygomatic bones articulate with anteriorly, superiorly, and posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly: the maxillae Superiorly: the frontal bone Posteriorly: the temporal bone

29
Q

What inserts in each alveolus?

A

a tooth

30
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

What bones do the maxillary bones articulate with?

A

Medial/superiorly the frontal and nasal bones, Lateral/superiorly the sphenoid bone. Laterally, the zygomatic bones. Medially, each other, the inferior conchae, and the nasal bones. Posteriorly/inferiorly, the palatine bone.

32
Q

What bone does the condylar process articulate with? What is the name of this joint? What type of joint is this? What movement occurs at this joint?

A

1) Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
2) Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
3) Synovial condyloid joint.
4) Varied, including: hinge movements; gliding movements; retraction (backwards movement); elevation; depression; protrusion.

33
Q

Pedicles

A

(posterior projections from the body).

34
Q

Laminae

A

(continuous from the pedicles to the spinous process).

35
Q

Transverse processes

A

(lateral projections from the junction of the pedicle and the laminae).

36
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes

A

(project from the base of the transverse process).

37
Q

Spinous process

A

(posterior projection from the junction of the laminae).

38
Q

What are the features that are characteristic of a cervical vertebra?

A

Bifid spinous process; relatively small/fragile; transverse processes have foramina etc

39
Q

What does the atypical vertebral shape of C1 and C2 allow?

A

Movement of the head, in particular, nodding and rotation side to side.

40
Q

What penetrates the transverse foramen and to where?

A

The vertebral arteries which supply blood to the brain.

41
Q

What attaches to the bifurcated spinous process on C2-6?

A

Ligamentum nuchae.

42
Q

What are the features that are characteristic of a thoracic vertebra?

A

Broad; smaller vertebral foramen (no enlargement); inferiorly deviated spinous process.

43
Q

What happens to the size of the inferior thoracic vertebrae? Why?

A

They increase in width, height, and diameter.

The inferior vertebrae have progressively more body weight transmitted through them.

44
Q

What are the features that are characteristic of a lumbar vertebra?

A

Very large; deep body; strong pedicles; large square shaped spinous processes etc.

45
Q

Why are the bony processes of the lumbar vertebrae so broad?

A

Stability and the site of many muscle attachments

46
Q

What penetrates the anterior sacral foramina? What penetrates the posterior sacral foramina, and to where?

A

Spinal nerves to pelvis and lower limb.

47
Q

What exits at the sacral hiatus, and what structure does it become?

A

Spinal nerve roots exit here - is the most distal portion of the cauda equina.

48
Q

Contrast and compare the z-joints articular facets on the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae. What movement would they allow? Is this different between the different areas?

A

Superior Atlas: almost horizontal and concave – nod yes with the head.
Atlantoaxial: axis lateral and down, atlas much flatter – rotation of head.
Cervical (3-7) superior facets superoposteriorly, inferior facets inferoanteriorly – flexion and extension of the spine, lateral flexion, rotation.
Thoracic superior facets posteriorly, inferior facets anteriorly – rotation, some lateral flexion (Cervical region facets more horizontal).
Lumbar: superior facets posteriormedially, inferior facets anterolaterally – flexion and extension, some lateral flexion.
Superior sacral are vertical – flexion and extension, some lateral flexion.

49
Q

The intervertebral discs contribute to what margin/border of the vertebral foramen?

A

Anterior border

50
Q

Where do the spinal nerves lie in relation to the discs as they pass through the foramina? What is the functional significance of this?

A

Posterior border ***ADD LAB ANSWER?

51
Q

What are 3 functions of the thoracic cage?

A
  1. protect thoracic organs
  2. support for the pectoral girdle and upper limb
  3. attachment sites for muscle of the back, chest and shoulders
52
Q

Is the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament smaller or thinner? Why is this the case?

A

Posterior is narrow and only attached to the discs (resists hyperflexion). Anterior is broad and strongly attached to vertebrae and discs (resists hyperextension). If a disc is going to ‘slip’ during movement it is more likely to protrude backwards through the weaker posterior longitudinal ligament.

53
Q

Spinotransversales

A

Splenius capitis.

Splenius cervicis.

54
Q

Erector spinae

A

Longissimis.
Iliocostalis.
Spinalis.

55
Q

Transversospinales

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus.
Rotatores.

56
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis is a pathophysiological condition that affects bone density. Essentially, bone composition (i.e. the ratio of minerals etc in the bone) is normal, however there is just less bone present, creating a deficiency in stability of the skeleton.

Osteoporosis can develop in many instances - it usually presents in females around 50 - 60 years of age, and males around 70 years of age. A range of factors influence the development of the disease - these include genetics, lifestyle and nutritional factors (i.e. exercise and dietary habits), and in females hormonal influences of fluctuations in levels of the hormone estrogen.

Typically, the main complications arising from osteoporosis include crushing types of fractures to the vertebral bodies, as well as distal radial fractures and the common fracture of the neck of the femur (‘hip’ fractures).

57
Q

What effect will the degeneration and crushing of the vertebral bodies have on the posture of an individual with osteoporosis?

A

Dowager’s hump - or hyperkyphosis (anterior displacement of the normal forward curvature of the upper spine).

58
Q

Thinking about age-related changes to the body in general, why is osteoporosis such a significant risk to the elderly?

A

Changes to balance, co-ordination, muscle volume and strength can all increase the risk of a fall. This coupled with weak bone structure can increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures - which can take a long time to heal in the elderly and have increased risk of co-morbidity from other illnesses.

59
Q

Which cells are predominantly responsible for the aberrant destruction of bone in the progression of osteoporosis? How do these cells disrupt normal bone physiology?

A

Osteoclasts - which break down bone matrix. The activity of osteoclasts eventually goes beyond the capabilities of existing osteoblasts to lay down new bone matrix.

anatomy 241 (29 decks)

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