Lab 4 - Examination of Four Major Tissue Types

Question 1

Any organ/structure in the body is composed of 2 cell types

Answer 1

Parenchymal cells

support cells

Question 2

Parenchymal cells

Answer 2

carry out the major function of that organ/structure

Question 3

Support cells

Answer 3

provide the structural scaffolding and metabolic support of the organ. Support cells and their ECM are commonly known as connective tissue

Question 4

What determines the appearance of the ECM

Answer 4

the arrangement of the fibrillar proteins of the ECM and the relative amount of fibrillar protein and glycoasaminoglycans (GAGs) determines the appearance on the ECM.

Question 5

four catergories of connective tissue

Answer 5

CT porper
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose

Question 6

CT proper =

Answer 6

loose and dense

loose = reticular, areolar

dense = regular, irregular

Question 7

Fibroblast

Answer 7

need to make proteins (collagen and elastin) so there is lots of rER

Question 8

Dense CT

Answer 8

they have very little space between them

Question 9

Dense regular CT

Answer 9

They are regularly aligned, same direction

Question 10

Dense irregular CT

Answer 10

They are haphazardly arranged

Question 11

pink/red fibres =

Answer 11

collagen

Question 12

brown/black/purle =

Answer 12

elastin

a lot finer in structure than collagen

Question 13

Very few elastin fibres … in dense regular CT

Answer 13

collagen fibres run in thick parallel bundles, therefore provide great tensile strength when pulling force is applied in one direction

Present in tendons, most ligaments

Question 14

Baking the bones

Answer 14

Baking deanaures the organic component i.e. it denatures the protein, therefore the collagen is destryed removing the tensile strength so the bone becomes very brittle

Question 15

Vinegar bath for the bones

Answer 15

Acetic cides degraded the inorganic part of bone i.e. calcium salts dissolved by vinegar thus making matrix less rigid and apparently bendy

only collagen layers are left

affects the calcium phosphate in the bone

Question 16

Dense CT ECM features

Answer 16

Densely packed parallel collagen fibres, a few elastin fibres therefore withstands tensile stress when pulled in one direction

Question 17

Hyaline cartilage ECM features

Answer 17

Collagen fibres present but form amorphus matrix, chondrocytes lie in the lacunae therefore resists compressive stress i.e. firm but flexible

Question 18

Compact bone ECM features

Answer 18

Hard calcified matrix, osteocytes lie in lacunae within matrix, therefore supports and protects and acts as a lever

Question 19

Adipose tissue ECM features

Answer 19

Sparse matrix containing a lot of adipocytes filled with large lipid droplets therefore it is a food reserve and it supports and it insulates

Question 20

Focal densities

Answer 20

Anchors the bundles of contractile filaments to the cell (anchors actin)

Question 21

Fibroblasts function

Answer 21

manufactures the required proteins such as collagen

Question 22

sarcomere is from

Answer 22

one Z line to the next and it contains overlapping thick filaments (A band) and the thin filaments (I band)

Question 23

Thick filaments

Answer 23

myosin

Question 24

THin filaments

Answer 24

actin

Question 25

Changes to sarcomere bands and lines

Answer 25

A band stays at constant width, but the I band narrows pulling the Z lines closer together

Question 26

Through which type of junction does excitation spread?

Answer 26

gap junctions

Question 27

Fascia adherens

Answer 27

where actin filaments insert into the z lines

Question 28

desmosomes

Answer 28

anchoring points for intermediate filaments

Question 29

Appearance of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 29

Skeletal = elongated unbranched cylindrical cells Cardiac = elongated branched cylindrical cells Smooth = small elongated spindle shaped cells

Question 30

Nucleus of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 30

SK = Multinucleate, nuclei flattened and lie just beneath the sarcolemma C= One or occasionally 2 nuclei, are centrally located S= Uninucleate, nuclei elongated and centrally located

Question 31

Striations of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 31

``` SK = Striations from presence of regularly arranged contractile proteins. Has sarcomeres consisting of thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments. C= Striations, from presence of regularly arranged contractile proteins similar to skeletal muscle, however form a branching 3D network. ``` S= No striations, contractile proteins crisscross the cell inserting into focal densities in the cytoplasm and to the cell membrane.

Question 32

Contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 32

SK = V oluntary. Contraction when thick and thin filaments slide over each other. The sarcomere shortens and thus the muscle fibre shortens. Muscle fibres can contract individually. C= Involuntary. Similar to skeletal muscle except have intercalated discs at the Z lines joining cells, so when one cell contracts other cells contract almost simultaneously. S= Involuntary. Contraction when thick and thin filaments slide over each other, changing cell shape from elongated to round. Cells bound together in bundles so act together.

Question 33

Excitation of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 33

SK = Excitation spread through T tubules and SAR, no gap junctions. C= Excitation spread through T tubules and SAR and gap junctions S= Excitation spread through gap junctions and SAR, no T tubules.

Question 34

Mitochondria and glycogen granules of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 34

``` SK = Many mitochondria and numerous glycogen granules therefore lots of aerobic activit C= Abundant mitochondria and numerous glycogen granules therefore lots of aerobic activity. ``` S= Sparse mitochondria and few glycogen granules therefore mainly anaerobic activity.

Question 35

Connective tissue components of skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Answer 35

SK = Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. C= Endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of the heart S= Endomysium.

Question 36

Epidermis from most superficial

Answer 36

Stratum corneum (several layers of flat dead scaly cells) Stratum lucidum (thin translucent layer) Stratum granulosum = 2-3 layers of darkly stained cells Stratum spinosum (8-10 layers pulled into a 'spiny' shape by desmosomes Stratum basale = single layer of dividing cells

Question 37

Dermis from most superficial

Answer 37

Papillary region = loosely arranged tissue | Reticular region = denser arranged tissue

Question 38

come lets grab some beers

Answer 38

``` corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum basale ```

Question 39

The dermis is

Answer 39

always there

Question 40

blood vessels in the

Answer 40

dermis

Question 41

Sensory nerve endings are found

Answer 41

in the dermis

Question 42

hypodermis is predominantly composed of

Answer 42

adipose tissue

Question 43

how would the skin layers appear if a basal blister had formed?

Answer 43

A basal blister would result in separation of the dermis from the epidermis; the desmosomes the junctions holding the adjacent cells together, would be damaged, and the layers of the epidermis would be raised up off the dermis dermis and epidermis rubbing and fluid forms between which reults in the desmosomes being damaged

Question 44

Gomori trichrome

Answer 44

stain useful for distinguishing nuclei (red) and muscle fibres (purple) and connective tissue (blue)

Question 45

GOmori trichrome works best on which section

Answer 45

cardiac tissue The muscle fibers are now more clearly identifiable, in addition to surrounding connective tissue. Nuclei can also be seen in relation to specific muscle cells. myocytes = 1-2 nuclei

Question 46

Spleen

Answer 46

Red or white pulp Immune cells - lymphoid = white Red = blood vessels

Question 47

Liver

Answer 47

Homogeneous = same Hepatocytes Ducts for bile