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Microbiology Exam 2 > Lecture 13- Immune dysfunction part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Immune dysfunction part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ways to diagnose allergies?

A
  1. Symptoms
  2. Blood test
    1. Look at blood titers (IgE)
  3. Skin test
    1. Skin is exposed to allergen, look for wheal and flare lesion
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2
Q

What are the four ways to manage type 1 allergies?

A
  1. Avoid antigen
  2. Antihistamines (benadryl)
  3. Steroid treatments
  4. Antibody treatments (xolair)
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3
Q

How do these treatments work:

  • antihistamines
  • Steroid treatments
A
  • antihistamines= block histamines from binding to host receptor
  • steroid treatments= decrease symptoms, but cause immunosuppresion
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4
Q

How do antibody treatments work?

A

Bind host IgE so they cannot bind allergens

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5
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG or IgM (antibody) binds non-soluble antigen.

  • can be cell surface or extracellular tissue
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6
Q

How do type 2 hypersensitivity allergens cause damage?

A
  1. Cytotoxic damage
    1. Complement dependent
    2. Complement independent
  2. non-cytotoxic damage
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7
Q

What does cytotoxic, type 2 hypersensitivity do?

What are some examples?

A

Cause lysis of cells.

  • Blood transfusion reactions
  • Hemolytic anemia
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8
Q

How does complement dependent, cytotoxic sensitivity work?

  • (what binds to what)
A
  • Antigens bind to host cell
  • Antibodies bind to antigen
  • complement porteins bind antibody
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9
Q

What causes host cells to lyse due to complement dependent hypersensitivities?

A
  • Membrane attack complexes form in host cell

or

  • Immune cell phagocytose host cell
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10
Q

How does complement independent hypersensitivity work?

(What binds to what)

A
  • Antigens bind to host cell
  • Antibodies bind to antigen
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11
Q

What causes the host cell to lyse due to complement independent hypersensitivity?

A

Natural killer cells destroy host cell

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12
Q

What happens during non-cytotoxic damange by type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Cell does not lyse.

antibodies bind to host cell receptor.

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13
Q

What two things can occur due to non-cytotoxic, type 2 hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Inactivates natural host receptor
  2. Over-stimulate natural host receptor (overactive thyroid)
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14
Q

What dictates the difference in blood types?

  • A, B, and O
  • Rh factor (positive or negative)
A
  • A, B, and O are carbohydrate based
  • Rh factor is protein based
    compatibility is based on surface antigens
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15
Q

What is hemolytic transfusion reaction?

A

When blood transfusions are not a match and cause immune cells to lyse RBC.

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16
Q

What is the universal acceptor blood type?

What is the universal donor blood type?

A

Universal acceptor= AB+

Universal donor= O-

17
Q

What happens if a baby’s Rh factor is different from a mother’s in a second pregnancy?

A

Mother’s antibodies cross placenta and target baby’s RBC

18
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG or IgM antibodies bind soluble antigens and make antigen-antibody complexes

  • complexes collect in tissue and cause massive inflammation
19
Q

What are the two types of type 3 hypersensitivities?

A
  1. Autoimmune type (lupus)
  2. Non-autoimmune type (venom)
20
Q

What are type 4 hypersensitivities?

  • What is it also known as?
A

T-cell mediated (not antibody mediated)

  • called delayed hypersensitivity as it can take up to 3 days for reaction
21
Q

What are the 2 types of Type 4 hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Autoimmune type (multiple sclerosis)
  2. Non-autoimmune type (TB skin test)
22
Q
  • What occurs during an autoimmune type 4 hypersensitivity?
  • Multiple sclerosis?
A

T-cell attacks localized (not systemic) specific tissue

  • T-cell see normal self antigen on myelin sheath, attack and destroy cell
23
Q

What are non-autoimmune type 4 hypersensitivities caused by?

A

Caused by haptens

  • molecules too small to cause reaction but bind host cell proteins to cause reaction
24
Q

What are type of hypersensitivity are transplant rejections?

A

Type 4, non-autoimmune

25
Q

Name these types of transplants:

  • Between same species
  • From identical twins
A
  • Allograft
  • Isograft (least chance of rejection)
26
Q

Name these types of transplants:

  • From different species
  • From same person
A
  • Xenograft
  • Autograft (least chance of rejection

Microbiology Exam 2 (18 decks)

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