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Microbiology Exam 2 > Lecture 11; immune system pt. 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 11; immune system pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the jobs of Basophil?

A
  • Target parasites and blood cancer
  • Release histamine to cause inflammation
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2
Q

What is special about mast cells?

A

Reside near skin/mucus membranes

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3
Q

What are the three types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Lymphocytes
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4
Q

What do monocytes do/become?

A

Mature into macrophages

Activate the 3rd line of defense

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5
Q

Where can you find dendritic cells?

What do they do?

A

Patrol portal of entry for invaders.

Help keep immune system in check

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6
Q

What is the job of Lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer: B cells/T cells

Attack microbes and tumors

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7
Q

B cells and T cells are part of which line of defense?

A

Third line of defense

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8
Q

An increase in these leukocytes indicates:

  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
A
  • Basophil= blood cancer
  • Monocyte=Inflammation
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9
Q

An increase in Lymphocytes indicates what type of infection?

A

Viral infections (if B/T cells)

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10
Q

What are defense molecules and what do they do?

A

Molecules released by leukocytes that;

  1. Recruit more immune cells at site of infection
  2. Inhibit microbe growth
  3. Cause fever and inflammation
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11
Q

What are the three types of defense molecules?

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Iron-binding proteins
  3. Complement Proteins
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12
Q

What are the different classes of cytokine molecules?

A
  1. Chemokines
  2. Interleukins
  3. Interferons
  4. Tumor Necrosis Factor
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13
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Induce WBC chemotaxis to recruit immune cells

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14
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

Activate immune cells

Generate fever

Stimulate hematopoiesis

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15
Q

What are interferons?

What do they do?

A

Signal given off by virally infected cells;

  • Warn neighboring cells
  • Kill host cell
  • Signals for help
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16
Q

What do tumor necrosis factor do?

A

Stimulate inflammation and kill tumor cells

17
Q

What are iron binding proteins?

What are two examples?

A

Proteins produced in host to sequester iron.

  1. Lactoferrin
  2. Transferrin
18
Q

What do pathogenic bacteria produce to counter iron binding proteins?

What is another method for bacteria to gain iron?

A

Siderophores

  • Break down RBC with hemolysis to get iron
19
Q

What are the complement proteins?

What three things activate them?

A

Inactive proteins made by liver that circulate in blood.

Activated by:

  1. macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Blood clotting proteins
20
Q

What are the three different pathways of complement proteins?

  • What are they triggered by?
A
  1. Classical
    1. Antibodies attached to microbe
  2. Alternative
    1. Microbe itself
  3. Lectin
    1. Blood protein
21
Q

What is the outcome of all three pathways (of complement proteins)?

A
  1. Opsonization (tags microbe)
  2. Forms the MAC (drills hole into microbe)
  3. Causes inflammation
22
Q

What causes inflammation and what does it do?

A

Happens when tissue damaged from trauma/infection

  1. Recruit immune cells to site
  2. Limit spread of infection
  3. Deliver oxygen, nutrients, chemicals for recovery
23
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Pain
  3. Local heat
  4. Swelling
24
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular changes
  2. Leukocyte recruitment
  3. Resolution
25
Q

What happens during vascular changes of inflammation?

A
  • Vasodilation/permeability
    • Fluid accumulates in tissue
  • Histamine released by host cell
  • Stimulate pain receptors

(Pain, swelling, and heat)

26
Q

What happens during the leukocyte recruitment stage of inflammation?

A
  • Host cell releases chemoattractants for leukocytes
  • Leukocytes slow doewn in blood vessels and squeeze thru opening to site
27
Q

What happens during the resolution stage of inflammation?

A
  • Blood vessel returns to normal
  • Lymphatic system removes exudate
  • Pus forms (dead cells/tissue)
28
Q

Why does fever occur?

A

Pyrogen causes release of cytokines, etc…

  • molecule released by microbes

Hypothalamus increases body temp

29
Q

What is considered:

  1. Low grade fever
  2. High grade fever
  3. Fatal fever
A
  1. Low grade= 99.5-101
  2. High grade= >101
  3. Fatal= 109.4

Microbiology Exam 2 (18 decks)

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