Lecture 12- 3rd line pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

State the process for T-cell activation.

A

The APC must travel to the Lymphoid tissue to present to T-cells

Activation requires Primary and Secondary signal.

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2
Q

State the process for T-cell proliferation and differentiation.

A

Once activated, T-cells become:

  1. Make copies- 1) Cytotoxic T-cells 2)TH1 Helper cells 3)TH2 helper cells
  2. Make memory cells- inactive cells that hang around for another infection
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3
Q
  1. What are T-helper cells? 2. What are T-regulatory cells?

What proteins do they have for recognition?

A
  1. CD4; -Secretes Cytokines to signal/destroy/activate T-cyto and activates B-cells
  2. CD4; -controls inflammation, prevents autoimmunity, protects normal microbes
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4
Q
  1. What are Cytotoxic T-cells? 4. What are Memory T-cells?

What proteins do they have for recognition?

A
  1. CD8, MHC 1; -secretes preforins and granzymes that destroy infected host cells and cancer cells
  2. CD4, CD8; -saved for future infections, provides memory, specific for specific antigen
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5
Q

How does the cell eliminate pathogens? (2 ways)

A
  1. Elimination by cytotoxic T-cells
  2. Elimination by Helper T-cells -Recruit the other immune cells to destroy cell
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6
Q

How do Cytotoxic T-cells destroy infected cells?

A

Bind to MHC1 of host cell

  • Secrete perforins that make holes in cell
  • Release granzymes that breakdown cell
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7
Q

What do Memory T-cells do when there is no infection?

A

They stay in the lymphoid tissue so that upon re-infection by the same pathogen, they can act faster

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8
Q

What are the four stages of humoral response?

A
  1. Antigen presentation
  2. B-cell activation
  3. B-cell proliferation and differentiation
  4. Antigen elimination and memory
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9
Q

What cells are antigen presenting cells?

Does it need APC to activate?

A

B-cells;

No

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10
Q

How do these two routes activate B-cells:

  1. T-independent antigen activation
  2. T-dependent antigen activation
A
  1. .Antigen binds B-cell directly to activate
    - for protection, must bind multiple times
  2. requires helper T-cells to activate - antigen binds B-cell, endocytosed, processed -put on MHCII, presented to Helper T-cells
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11
Q

What happens during B-cell proliferation and differentiation?

A
  • Only the B-cell that recognizes the antigen will proliferate.
  • That B-cell will reproduce many clones rapidly
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12
Q

What do these cells do:

  1. Plasma cells
  2. Memory cells
A
  1. Sole purpose is to make antibodies
  2. remembers pathogen for faster response next time
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13
Q

What are the three methods that antibodies eliminate pathogens?

How?

A
  1. Directly neutralize the antigen
  2. Activate the complement system -cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation
  3. Increase immune cell phagocytosis -Precipitation, Agglutination, Opsonization
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14
Q

How to antibodies help? (BONACA)

A

Binding

Opsonization

Neutralization

Agglutination

Complement

Antitoxin

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15
Q

What is: 1. Binding 2. Opsonization

A
  1. attach to bacteria to prevent infection functions and reproduction
  2. coat bacteria so macrophages phagocytose better
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16
Q

Define: 3. Neutralization 4. Agglutination

A
  1. Bind virus receptors to prevent viral attachment
  2. cross-link multiple bacterial cells and antibodies becoming immobile and phagocytosed better
17
Q

Define 5. Complement 6. Antitoxin

A
  1. Works with MAC to rupture bacteria and enveloped viruses
  2. Neutralizes bacterial toxins
18
Q

What is the: 1. Antigen binding site 2. Light Chain 3. Heavy Chain

A
  1. Where the antigen binds. Very specific interaction
  2. Only two different forms: Lambda and kappa
  3. area that determines the class of antibody (IgA, IgM, etc.)
19
Q

What is these regions of antibodies:

  1. Variable region 2. Constant region
A
  1. area of high diversity to be able to make different combinations to fight different microbes
  2. determines the mechanism to destroy antigen
20
Q

What are the five types of antibodies?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. gE
  5. IgD

REMEMBER: “GAMED”

21
Q

What is IgG

(found where)

A
  • only one that can cross placenta
  • usually found in late stages of infection
22
Q

What is IgA

Where is it found?

A

-found in mucous -in mother’s milk

23
Q

What is IgM

Found when/where?

A

Mostly Made in early stages of infection -

made during primary infection

24
Q

What is IgE?

Found when

A

Mostly made for parasitic infections

-Mediates allergin response

25
Q

What is IgD

Found where?

A

-bound to B-cells

26
Q

What is natural immunity?

  1. Active immunity?
  2. Passive immunity?
A

-Acqured through normal life experiences

Active immunity-developed as a response(infection)

Passive immunity- passed from someone else (mom to infant)

27
Q

What is artificial immunity?

  1. Active immunity?
  2. Passive immunity?
A

-Acquired through medical procedures

Active immunity- develope your own (vaccination)

Passive immunity- passed from someone else (immune therapy)

28
Q

What is the primary response to an infection?

What types of antibodies are made during?

How fast is reaction time?

A
  • First time ever exposed to the antigen
  • Primary antibody is IgM, then transitions to IgG -Response is slower
29
Q

What is secondary response to an infection?

What types of antibodies are made during?

How fast is reaction time?

A
  • subsequent exposure to the SAME antigen
  • Primary body is now IgG, then later is IgM
  • Response is much faster