Lecture 13

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

Anabolic

Answer 2

large molecules synthesized from smaller ones

Question 3

Catabolic

Answer 3

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

Question 4

Fed State

Answer 4

(absorptive) anabolic, use glucose for energy

Question 5

Fasted State

Answer 5

(postabsorptive) catabolic, use glucose, and fat for energy

Question 6

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 6

an individual’s energy expenditure when resting, comfortable temperature, fasted

Question 7

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as glycerol and amino acids

Question 8

What triggers target cells to change gears between feeding and fasting metabolism

Answer 8

Insulin & glucagon

Question 9

Glucagon Ratio

Answer 9

Control of glucose homeostasis is monitored by Insulin

Question 10

Insulin (anabolic)

Answer 10

is the dominant hormone of the fed state
- Synthesized as a typical peptide
- Binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase
- Reduces blood glucose
- Promotes formation of glycogen, fat, and protein

Question 11

Intrajejunal

Answer 11

within the jejunum (part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum)

Question 12

Incretin effect

Answer 12

The incretin effect is a biological process where eating glucose causes more insulin to be produced than injecting glucose directly into the bloodstream.

Question 13

4 Stimulators of insulin secretion

Answer 13

1) Increased plasma glucose
2) Gastrointestinal hormones through feedforward regulation
3) Increased plasma amino acids
4) Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Inhibitor of insulin secretion

Answer 14

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

Glucagon

Answer 15

Glucagon’s goal is to prevent hypoglycemia

Question 16

Insulin

Answer 16

(prevents hyperglycemia): Beta cells – secreted in response to glucose, GLP1, PNS, and amino acids – decrease blood glucose, promote anabolic pathways, and are involved with growth

Question 17

Glucagon

Answer 17

(prevents hypoglycemia): Alpha cells secrete Glucagon in response from low glucose, SNS, amino acids – increases blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis – catabolic pathways to increase energy.

Question 18

GLP-1

Answer 18

released from intestine in response to glucose/amino acids – stimulates insulin secretion, increases beta cell mass, anorexigen, decreases glucagon

Question 19

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 19

Both types- high blood glucose levels when uncontrolled

Question 20

3 Stimulators of glucagon secretion

Answer 20

1) Decreased plasma glucose
2) Increased plasma amino acids
3) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

Inhibitor of glucagon secretion

Answer 21

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

Question 22

Proglucagon

Answer 22

a precursor of glucagon, and several other components. It is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon

Question 23

3 Active hormones in proglucagon

Answer 23

1. Glucagon
2. GLP-1
3. GLP-2

Question 24

Type 1 diabetes (Insulin dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes)

Answer 24

• 10% of all diabetics
• Insulin secretion reduced or absent
• Treated by insulin

Question 25

Type 2 diabetes (Non–insulin-dependent diabetes, mature onset diabetes)

Answer 25

• 90% of all diabetics
• Defect in insulin secretion and target cell responsiveness to insulin is reduced
  Treated by diet, exercise (causes translocation of Glut4 to membrane!!!),