Lecture 11

Question 1

Average daily water gains and losses equation

Answer 1

[Intake (2.2 L/day)+ Metabolic production (0.3L/day)]- Output (2.5L/day)= 0

Question 2

Hypotension

Answer 2

a decrease in systemic blood pressure below accepted low values (bp less than 90/60)

Question 3

Nephron

Answer 3

the functional unit of the kidney and is responsible for 5 main functions-
1. Excreting waste
2. Regulating blood volume
3. Controlling electrolytes
4. Marinating blood pH
5. Producing vitamin D via PTH

Question 4

Excessive water loss causes __________ blood pressure

Answer 4

decreased

Question 5

What does vasopressin influence?

Answer 5

H20 reabsorption
regulates the permeability of cells in the kidney
Increased permeability= increased reabsorption and low urine output

Question 6

What does Aldosterone influence?

Answer 6

Na+ reabsorption
K+ secretion

Question 7

What does Atrial natriuretic peptide influence?

Answer 7

H2O reabsorption
Na+ reabsorption
K+ secretion

Question 8

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 8

a chemical produce in the brain that causes kidneys to release less water, thus decreasing the amount of urine produced

Question 9

Vasopressin

Answer 9

is an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and is secreted from the posterior pituitary

Question 10

Vasopressin primary function

Answer 10

to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys (to conserve body water, maintain homeostasis and increase blood volume/ blood pressure)

Question 11

What triggers vasopressin release?

Answer 11

Low blood pressure is detected & High plasma osmolarity

Question 12

Osmolarity

Answer 12

the measure of different solutes in the plasma (osmolarity is the most potent stimulus for vasopressin release)

Question 13

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 13

the zone of the adrenal gland in which aldosterone is produced

Question 14

RAAS (renin-angiotensinogen pathway)

Answer 14

critical regulator of blood pressure (blood volume and electrolyte balance)

Question 15

Aldosterone

Answer 15

a steroid hormone that is synthesized in the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and therefor water.

Question 16

Aldosterone 3 main functions

Answer 16

1. Na+ reabsorption (to retain water)
   
   2. K+ secretion
   3. Acting on the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 17

What controls aldosterone synthesis?

Answer 17

negative feedback

Question 18

Stimulators of aldosterone

Answer 18

• High plasma potassium concentration
• Angiotensin II (low blood pressure)- RAAS

Question 19

Inhibitors of aldosterone

Answer 19

High osmolarity/ extracellular fluid

Question 20

Angiotensin 2

Answer 20

increases vasopressin, stimulates thirst and is a potent vasoconstrictor and increases proximal tube Na+ retention

Question 21

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Effects

Answer 21

• Na+ and H2O reabsorption (lowers blood pressure)
• K+ reabsorption