Lecture 1: Introduction

Question 1

what is a theory vs frame of reference

Answer 1

theory - broad, structure to thinking

FoR - specific, strategies based off theories

Question 2

why is good trunk control important for babies

Answer 2

proximal stability leads to distal control

Question 3

which matters more in terms of milestones, when the child meets them, or the order they are met?

Answer 3

the order they are met. the child must be able to bring hands together and use arms and legs in same motion before they can do different actions with both hands and legs and at the same time

Question 4

what are primitive reflexes

Answer 4

automatic MOTOR survival responses to external stimuli necessary for health and safety

Question 5

when do most primitive reflexes integrate (disappear)?

Answer 5

during the first year of life for a typically developing child

Question 6

what is the rooting reflex

Answer 6

Position: supine

Stimulus: light touch on face near mouth

Positive response: opens mouth and turns head towards touch

Age of integration: 3 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with exploration of objects and head control

Question 7

what is the sucking/swallowing reflex?

Answer 7

Position: supine

Stimulus: light touch on mouth

Positive response: closes mouth, sucks and swallows

Age of integration: 2-5 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with development of coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing

Question 8

what is the moro’s reflex

Answer 8

Position: supine head at midline

Stimulus: dropping head, more than 30 degrees extended

Positive response: arms extend, hands open, then arms flex, hands close, baby usually cries

Age of integration: 4-6 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with head control, sitting equilibrium, and protective reactions

Question 9

what is the Palmar grasp reflex

Answer 9

Position: supine

Stimulus: pressure on ulnar surface of palm

Positive response: fingers flex

Age of integration: 4-6 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with releasing objects

Question 10

what is the plantar grasp reflex

Answer 10

Position: supine

Stimulus: firm pressure on on ball of foot

Positive response: toes grasp (flexion)

Age of integration: 4-9 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with putting on shoes (toe clawing), standing and walking problems (toe walking)

Question 11

what is the neonatal positive support - primary standing reflex

Answer 11

Position: upright

Stimulus: being bounced several times on soles of feet (proprioceptive stimulus)

Positive response: LE extensor tone increases, plantar flexion is present.

Age of integration: 1-2 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with walking patterns and leads to walking on toes

Question 12

What is the ATNR reflex (asymmetric tonic neck reflex)

Answer 12

Position: supine, arms and legs extended. head in midposition

Stimulus: head turned to one side

Positive response: arm and leg on face side extend, arm and leg on skull side flex

Age of integration: 4-6 months

Lack of integration or onset: interferes with reaching and grasping, bilateral hand use, and rolling

Question 13

what is the theory used for functional motor development?

Answer 13

dynamic systems theory

Question 14

what are the 3 frames of reference used for functional motor development?

Answer 14

developmental (the milestones)
motor control
motor learning

Question 15

what is motor control?

Answer 15

how the brain organizes movement

Question 16

what are the 3 stages of motor control development

Answer 16

cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage

each stage of movement development involves interactions among the processes of cognition, perception and action

Question 17

what is the cognitive stage in motor control?

Answer 17

Skill acquisition
* Errors are common, movement is inefficient
* Requires practice, repetition, and feedback

Question 18

what is the associative stage in motor control?

Answer 18

• Skill refinement
• Increased performance, consistency, and efficiency
• Decreased errors

Question 19

what is the autonomous stage in motor control?

Answer 19

• Retains skills and performs functional movement
• Skills are transferred to different settings and refined

Question 20

what are the 5 aspects of motor learning?

Answer 20

practice levels and types

error-based learning

feedback

transfer of learning

sequencing and adapting tasks

Question 21

what are the 4 different practice levels/types of motor learning?

Answer 21

• Massed practice (blocked practice)
• Distributed practice
• Variable or random practice
• Mental practice

Question 22

what is error-based learning in motor learning?

Answer 22

• Children learn by making errors
• Encourage children to explore, adjust, and evaluate their performance

Question 23

what is feedback in motor learning

Answer 23

can be of performance or results
immediate feedback is best
timing and frequency must be considered

Question 24

when are skills best transfered in motor learning

Answer 24

when the motor task is performed during a functional activity in the natrual environmnet

Question 25

what are the 5 physical factors that can affect motor performance in children

Answer 25

• Hypotonicity / hypertonicity
• Limited range of motion
• Strength limitations
• Coordination
• Sensation

Question 26

how are children with disabilities different?

Answer 26

*Play less
*Interact with peers less
*Interact with physical environment less *And that other children notice

Question 27

how is assisted mobility beneficial to children?

Answer 27

they can learn cause and effect, improve intellectual and physical development

Question 28

what are the 7 static positions in order (no weight transfer)

Answer 28

supine
prone
sidelying
sitting
quadruped
kneeling
bipedal stance

Question 29

what are the 6 dynamic movements in order (requires equilibrium reactions to weight shift)

Answer 29

rolling
belly/commando crawling
crawling
transitions to/from sitting
transitions to/from standing
walking

Question 30

how does postural control develop

Answer 30

center of gravity initially located toward head and then moves toward the pelvis.

Question 31

how do typically developing children develop trunk flexors and extensors

Answer 31

co-activation of both in a co-ordinateed way which leads to postural stability

Question 32

what can poor postural tone interfere with?

Answer 32

development of postural control

Question 33

what can poor postural control lead to

Answer 33

limited mobility & function of the head, arms & legs.

the head, arms & legs being used to compensate for the lack of postural stability … instead of engaging in occupation