Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards
what is a theory vs frame of reference
theory - broad, structure to thinking
FoR - specific, strategies based off theories
why is good trunk control important for babies
proximal stability leads to distal control
which matters more in terms of milestones, when the child meets them, or the order they are met?
the order they are met. the child must be able to bring hands together and use arms and legs in same motion before they can do different actions with both hands and legs and at the same time
what are primitive reflexes
automatic MOTOR survival responses to external stimuli necessary for health and safety
when do most primitive reflexes integrate (disappear)?
during the first year of life for a typically developing child
what is the rooting reflex
Position: supine
Stimulus: light touch on face near mouth
Positive response: opens mouth and turns head towards touch
Age of integration: 3 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with exploration of objects and head control
what is the sucking/swallowing reflex?
Position: supine
Stimulus: light touch on mouth
Positive response: closes mouth, sucks and swallows
Age of integration: 2-5 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with development of coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing
what is the moro’s reflex
Position: supine head at midline
Stimulus: dropping head, more than 30 degrees extended
Positive response: arms extend, hands open, then arms flex, hands close, baby usually cries
Age of integration: 4-6 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with head control, sitting equilibrium, and protective reactions
what is the Palmar grasp reflex
Position: supine
Stimulus: pressure on ulnar surface of palm
Positive response: fingers flex
Age of integration: 4-6 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with releasing objects
what is the plantar grasp reflex
Position: supine
Stimulus: firm pressure on on ball of foot
Positive response: toes grasp (flexion)
Age of integration: 4-9 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with putting on shoes (toe clawing), standing and walking problems (toe walking)
what is the neonatal positive support - primary standing reflex
Position: upright
Stimulus: being bounced several times on soles of feet (proprioceptive stimulus)
Positive response: LE extensor tone increases, plantar flexion is present.
Age of integration: 1-2 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with walking patterns and leads to walking on toes
What is the ATNR reflex (asymmetric tonic neck reflex)
Position: supine, arms and legs extended. head in midposition
Stimulus: head turned to one side
Positive response: arm and leg on face side extend, arm and leg on skull side flex
Age of integration: 4-6 months
Lack of integration or onset: interferes with reaching and grasping, bilateral hand use, and rolling
what is the theory used for functional motor development?
dynamic systems theory
what are the 3 frames of reference used for functional motor development?
developmental (the milestones)
motor control
motor learning
what is motor control?
how the brain organizes movement
what are the 3 stages of motor control development
cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage
each stage of movement development involves interactions among the processes of cognition, perception and action
what is the cognitive stage in motor control?
Skill acquisition
* Errors are common, movement is inefficient
* Requires practice, repetition, and feedback
what is the associative stage in motor control?
- Skill refinement
- Increased performance, consistency, and efficiency
- Decreased errors
what is the autonomous stage in motor control?
- Retains skills and performs functional movement
- Skills are transferred to different settings and refined
what are the 5 aspects of motor learning?
practice levels and types
error-based learning
feedback
transfer of learning
sequencing and adapting tasks
what are the 4 different practice levels/types of motor learning?
- Massed practice (blocked practice)
- Distributed practice
- Variable or random practice
- Mental practice
what is error-based learning in motor learning?
- Children learn by making errors
- Encourage children to explore, adjust, and evaluate their performance
what is feedback in motor learning
can be of performance or results
immediate feedback is best
timing and frequency must be considered
when are skills best transfered in motor learning
when the motor task is performed during a functional activity in the natrual environmnet
what are the 5 physical factors that can affect motor performance in children
- Hypotonicity / hypertonicity
- Limited range of motion
- Strength limitations
- Coordination
- Sensation
how are children with disabilities different?
*Play less
*Interact with peers less
*Interact with physical environment less *And that other children notice
how is assisted mobility beneficial to children?
they can learn cause and effect, improve intellectual and physical development
what are the 7 static positions in order (no weight transfer)
supine
prone
sidelying
sitting
quadruped
kneeling
bipedal stance
what are the 6 dynamic movements in order (requires equilibrium reactions to weight shift)
rolling
belly/commando crawling
crawling
transitions to/from sitting
transitions to/from standing
walking
how does postural control develop
center of gravity initially located toward head and then moves toward the pelvis.
how do typically developing children develop trunk flexors and extensors
co-activation of both in a co-ordinateed way which leads to postural stability
what can poor postural tone interfere with?
development of postural control
what can poor postural control lead to
limited mobility & function of the head, arms & legs.
the head, arms & legs being used to compensate for the lack of postural stability … instead of engaging in occupation
