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Anatomy 2019 > Lecture 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is the study of:

A

Body Structures/Biological Structures

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Superficial anatomical markings, general form

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4
Q

Systematic Anatomy

A

Studies of all structures in an organ system

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5
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of small structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye

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6
Q

Cytology

A

The study of individual cells and their internal structures called organelles

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7
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues, groups of specialized cells

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8
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function and how the body works

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9
Q

Hemeostasis

A

State of balance in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively stable despite changes in the internal and external environment

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10
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms involve:

A
  1. )Variable
  2. )Stimulus
  3. )Sensor (Receptor)
  4. )Control
  5. )Effector
  6. )Negative Feedback
  7. )Positive Feedback
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11
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the:Variable

A

The Factor being regulated

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12
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Stimulus

A

Produces a change in the variable

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13
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Sensor (Receptor)

A

It monitors the environment and detects changes

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14
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Control

A

Analyzes input from receptor and determines output to effector

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15
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Effector

A

Cell or organ that carries out a response to regulate the variable by either depressing or enhancing the stimulus

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16
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Negative Feedback

A

The response of the effector counteracts the intensity of the original stimulus

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17
Q

As one of the homeostatic control mechanisms, what is the: Positive Feeback

A

The effector response intensifies the original stimulus causing the variable to move further away from its normal limits.
>Usually Destabilizing
>Examples: childbirth and blood clotting

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18
Q

What are the levels of organization- from smallest and simplest to largest and most complex

A
  1. )Chemical level
  2. ) Cellular Level
  3. ) Tissue Level
  4. ) Organ Level
  5. ) Organ System
  6. ) Organism Level
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19
Q

What are the 11 Organ Systems

A

Integumentary System-Skin/Hair
Skeletal System- Bones
Muscular System-Muscles and Tendons
Nervous System- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine System-Endocrine Glands
Cardiovascular System- Heart and Blood Vessels
Lymphatic/Immune System-Spleen, Lymph nodes
Respiratory System- Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx
Digestive System- Oral cavity, salivary glands, stomach
Urinary System- Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Uretha
M/F Reproductive System- Penis, Vagina

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20
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the intestines

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21
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Left lobe of liver, left kidney, spleen, stomach, pancreas, portions of the intestines

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22
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Portions of Intestines (including cecum and appendix), right ureter, right ovary for women, right spermatic cord for men

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23
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Portions of the intestines, left ureter, left ovary for women, left spermatic cord in men

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24
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Center most Region: portions of stomach and intestines

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25
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Superior to the umbilical region: most of the liver and stomach

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26
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

Inferior to the umbilical region: Urinary bladder, portions of intestines (including appendix), pubic symphysis, uterus and ovaries in women, prostate in men

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27
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells found together in the body

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28
Q

What are the four primary tissues of the body?

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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29
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines body surfaces and forms glands

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30
Q

Apical Surface of epithelial tissue

A

(unattached) faces exterior of a lumen (space in the body)

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31
Q

Basal Surface of epithelial tissue

A

(attached) Anchored to extracellular fibers

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32
Q

Does epithelial tissue contain blood vessels?

A

No.

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33
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports other tissue

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34
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Network of protein fibers surrounding cells in CT

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35
Q

Ground Substance

A

Extracellular material that varies in consistency from thin liquid, viscous liquid, gel, or solid

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36
Q

Three main categories of CT?

A

CT Proper: Stoma of soft organs, tendons, and adipose
Supporting CT: Bones and Cartilage
Fluid CT: Lymph and blood

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37
Q

What are the major CT cell types? (6)

A 
Fibrocytes
Adipocyte
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte
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38
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Mature cells that maintain the matrix of CT proper

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39
Q

Adiposcyte

A

Store fat in CT proper

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40
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red Blood Cells- Transport oxygen in blood

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41
Q

Leukocyte

A

White Blood Cells- Defend against infection

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42
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature Cells that maintain the matrix of bone

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43
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature Cells that maintain the matirx of cartilage

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44
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contacts to produce motion

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45
Q

Three main muscle types?

A

Cardiac-Connected to bones through tendons
Smooth- Lines hollow organs
Cardiac- Forms walls of heart

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46
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Rapidly transmits and processes information

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47
Q

Where is nervous tissue found

A

Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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48
Q

What does nervous tissue contain

A

It contains specialized cells called neurons and neuroglia

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49
Q

Membrane

A

A continuous flat multi-cellular sheet that covers or lines a body part

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50
Q

What are two major types of membranes?

A

Epithelial membranes- made of both epithelial and CT’s

Synovial Membranes- lines inner surface of joint cavities

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51
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

(Skin) Cover the external surfaces of the body

*Keratinized Stratified Epithelium

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52
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Line cavities that open to the exterior
>Moist Membrane
>Respiratory, digestive, urinary

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53
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Line Ventral Cavities that are closed to the exterior
Examples:
Pleura-surrounding the lungs
Pericardium-Surrounding the heart
Peritoneum- lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs

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54
Q

Pleura

A

Surrounds the lungs

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55
Q

Pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart

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56
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs

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57
Q

What is the process of tissue healing after a wound?

A 
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Granulation
Remodeling 
Regeneration OR Fibrosis
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58
Q

Hemostasis

A

Clotting (Coagulation) reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels
>A network of fibrin protein traps blood cells and binds the edges together

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59
Q

Inflamation

A

Response of the body to injury works to increase the number of leukocytes in the tissue to defend against infection and remove damaged tissues

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60
Q

Four Cardinal Signs of Inflamation

A

Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain

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61
Q

Granulation

A

Fibroblasts from the surrounding CT fill in the wound with a network of extracellular fibers and blood vessels grow through forming granulation tissue. Epithelial cells grow in from edges along the damaged surface

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62
Q

Why does a injury site swell?

A

Blood Vessels become “leaky” allowing leukocytes and fluid to move from the blood into the interstitial tissue spaces resulting in swelling.

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63
Q

Remodeling

A

Fibers of the CT are reorganized to maximize strength and minimize scarring

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64
Q

Regeneration

A

Damaged tissue is replaced by the same type of tissue

>Epithelia, CT proper, and bone regenerate easily; muscle and cartilage regenerates poorly

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65
Q

Fribrosis

A

Damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue (dense connective tissue)
>Cardiac Muscle and Nervous tissue does not regenerate and is replaced by scar tissue

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66
Q

Simple

A

One layer

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67
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

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68
Q

Psuedostratified

A

One layer that looks like two

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69
Q

Squamos

A

Flattened

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70
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube Shaped (W=H)

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71
Q

Columnar

A

Column Shaped (taller than wide)

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72
Q

Simple Squamos Epithelium

A

Single Layer of flat cells
>Function: Diffusion and secretion
>Alveoli, Serous Membranes that line body cavities, inner lining of blood vessels

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73
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single Layer of cube-like cells, central round nucleus
>Function: Secretion and absorption
>Ducts of glands, follicles of thyroid

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74
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single Layer of tall cells, oval nuclei, often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
>Function: Absorption and secretion
> Lines digestive tact and uterine tubes

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75
Q

Stratified Squamos Epithelium

A

Many layers and the cells at the apical surface are flattened
>Function: Protect underlying tissue from abrasion
>skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina

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76
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cuboidal cells
>Function: Secretion
>lines ducts of sweat glands

77
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Apical cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape
>Function: Secretion
>Ducts of salivary glands

78
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer with columnar cells at apical surface but appears stratified without careful study to view that all the cells contact the basal lamina. Some cells are shorter than others, jumbled nuclei, contains goblet cells and cilia.
>Function: Secretion and propel substances(mucus) across cell surface
>Portions of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea)

79
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Numerous layers, basal cells appear cuboidal, apical cells very from dome shaped large cuboidal to wide large squamous
>Function: Stretches to permit distention of urinary organs
>Lines ureters, bladder, and portions of the kidney

80
Q

Gland

A

A simple organ in the human body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.

81
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

> Expels secretions directly into surrounding tissue, diffuses into bloodstream
Ductless
Secretes hormones
Ex. Thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands

82
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

> Expels secretions onto a surface through a duct

>Ex. Goblet Cells, sweat and oil glands in the skin

83
Q

Branching of ducts: Simple vs. Compound

A

Simple: Single, Unbranched duct
Compound: Branched duct

84
Q

Tubular

A

Elongated tube shape

85
Q

Alveolar

A

Expanded pocket or sac shape

86
Q

Tubuloalveolar

A

Combination of tube shape with an expanded end

87
Q

Arreolar Connective Tissue

A

Loose CT Proper

>Supports epithelial tissues, space enables blood vessels to travel.

88
Q

Adipose CT

A

Loose CT Proper

>Insulation, cushioning, fuel reserves

89
Q

Reticular CT

A

Loose CT proper, delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
>Forms soft supportive skeleton for organs

90
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

CT Proper with numerous parallel collagen fibers

>Resist unidirectional stress

91
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

CT Proper with numerous collagen fibers running different directions
>Resists multidirectional stress

92
Q

Dense Elastic CT

A

Dense CT Proper
>Resists stress, stretches and recoils
>Location: Elastic arteries, such as the aorta

93
Q

What are the types of Supporting CT?

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibro Cartilage
Bone (osteous tissue)

94
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most Common type of cartilage, appears glassy and uniform
>Provide structure, yet flexible
>Nose, ends of bones, tracheal rings

95
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage with numerous elastic fiber bundles
>Very flexible, able to tolerate repeated bending and maintain shape
>External ear, epiglottis

96
Q

Fibro Cartilage

A

Bundles of collagen surrounded by proteoglycans, chondrocytes
>Withstands heavy pressure and highly compressible
>Inter-vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci

97
Q

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

A

Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers forming plates and struts
>Hard tissue provides structure for body and protection of organs
>The skeleton

98
Q

Types of Fluid CT:

A

Blood: liquid that is colored red from numerous erythrocytes
Lymph: Clear liquid
>Drains extracellular fluid, transports materials

99
Q

All living organisms are composed of:

A

one or more cells

100
Q

Cells are the smallest:

A

Structural/Functional units of life

101
Q

Cells arise from:

A

Pre-existing cells

102
Q

Cell diversity

A

All cells vary in shape and functions but they all share general structures

103
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Semipermeable barrier forming the outer border of a cell

104
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of the cell including organelles and a liquid called cytosol

105
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid, contains ions, proteins, and nutrients

106
Q

Organel

A

Specialized cellular structures that perform a function

>Ex. A NUCLEUS- contains the genetic material (DNA) that functions as instructions for making proteins

107
Q

Longest Cells

A

> 2 Meters: Sensory Neurons that extend from the tip of the toes to the brain stem

108
Q

Largest Cells

A

200 Micrometers: Ovum (Egg Cell)

109
Q

Smallest Cells

A

4-5 Micrometers: Granule neurons in cerebellum and sperm

110
Q

_________ Separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid

A

Barrier

111
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

112
Q

Cell Markers and Receptors

A

Cell recognition, binds hormones, cell communication

113
Q

Adhesion

A

Between other cell membranes or extracellular materials

114
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

> Hydrophilic Heads- orient towards the extracellular and intracellular fluid
Hydrophobic tails- orient inward, away from the fluid

115
Q

Proteins

A

Functions as receptors, enzymes, and channels

116
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

On the inside or outside of the membrane

117
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Embedded in the membrane

118
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Allow Ions in/out of the cell

119
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids serve as biological markers for leukocytes of the immune system to recognize self vs. non-self

120
Q

Cholesterol

A

Stabilizes membrane

121
Q

Plasma Membrane Transport

A

Working cells must control the flow of materials between the intracellular fluid-within the cell and extracellular fluid-outside the cell

122
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of solutes across a membrane DOES NOT require the cell to spend energy in the for of ATP

123
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane. Water moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

124
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP

125
Q

Solute Pumping

A

Proteins use ATP to transport solutes against concentration gradient

126
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moves materials from extracellular space into the interior of the cell

127
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell takes in a large particle

128
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell takes in sample of extracellular fluid and small particles

129
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

cell takes in particles with specific structures.

130
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves materials from cell interior to the extracellular space

131
Q

Nucleus

A

Control Center of the cell, contains chromosomes made of chromain

132
Q

Chromatin

A

Strands of DNA

133
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double Membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

134
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dark Stained Body, sites of ribosome production

135
Q

Central Dogma of Genetics

A

DNA–>messenger RNA–> Protein

136
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in the nucleus the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for a gene are read and used to guide the synthesis of a messenger RNA copy of the gene with a corresponding nucleotide sequence

137
Q

Translation

A

Occurs at ribosome when sequence of messenger RNA is read and used to guide the synthesis of a protein

138
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small dark bodies made of protein and RNA

>Site of Protein Synthesis

139
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Fluid Filled coiled tubules. Serves as a channel for transporting subtances within a cell

140
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes

Manufactures all secreted proteins

141
Q

Smooth ER

A

Functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling

142
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flat membranous sacs

>Packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination

143
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membranous compartments bud off of the cell membrane, nucleus, ER and golgi apparatus

144
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialized vesicles containing proteolytic digestive enzymes
>Digest Proteins for non-usable and damaged organelles
>Destroy bacteria and other foreign material within the cell

145
Q

Peroxisome

A

Specialized vesicles containing oxidase enzymes
>Detoxify harmful substances like alcohol and formaldehyde
>Break down free radicals (Highly reactive chemicals)

146
Q

Miochondria

A

Double membrane structures
>Infolding of inner membrane are called CRISTAE
>Inner fluid called the MATRIX
>”Powerhouse” of the cell provides ATP for energy

147
Q

Cytoskelton

A

Provides the cell with an internal framework, supports organelles, and facilitates intracellular motility.

148
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow Tubes made of protein

149
Q

Microfilaments

A

Concentrated under the plasma membrane

150
Q

Intermediate Structure

A

Composed of proteins with high tensile strength

151
Q

Centrosome

A

Located near the nucleus, directs the formation of microtubules

152
Q

Centriules

A

Rod Shaped bodies composed of short microtubules and other proteins arranged in a cylindrical structure.

153
Q

Cilia

A

Whip like extensions that occurs on the free surface of the cell
>Move substances along cell surface

154
Q

Flagella

A

Similiar whip like extensions but much longer

>Tail of a sperm cell

155
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger like extensions that increase surface area

>Found on epithelial cells lining the intestines

156
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Form an impermeable barrier between cells by interlocking proteins encircling the cell
>Found at the apical surface of epithelial cells

157
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchor intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together

>Prevent cells that are subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

158
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Cells are connected by hollow cylinders
>Allow chemical communication between cells
>Found in smooth and cardiac muscle

159
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary sytsem?

A

Protection
Temperature
Sensation
Metabolism (Chemical Reactions)

160
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium facing the exterior of the body

161
Q

Dermis

A

Composed of CT deep to the epidermis that provides structural support and a route for blood vessels that provide nutritional support to the epidermis

162
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Most superficial layer of the dermis consists of areolar CT adjacent to epidermis

163
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Dense Irregular CT forming the majority of the dermis

164
Q

Hypodermis

A

Layer of adipose CT deep to the dermis

165
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most Common cells in the epidermis and they produce intermediate filament protein keratin that provides strength to the epidermis and hels make keep a water resitant barrier

166
Q

Melanocyte

A

Cells that produce a brown pigment called malanin that absorbs UV radiation to protect from the damaging effects of the sun

167
Q

Langherhanis Cells

A

Type of Leaukocyte found in the epidermis where they can monitor the skin for infections

168
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Specialized neuroepithelial somatosensory receptor cells that detect changes in the shape of the skin that contribute to our sense of touch

169
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Basal layer, referring to the deepest part of the epidermis

170
Q

Malanocytes

A

Produce the brown pigment melanin

171
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Spiny layer and refers to the 8-10 layers of cells superficial to the stratum basale

172
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Granular layer is 3-4 cells thick containing keratinocytes that are becoming flattened and disintegrating their organelles and prepare to go through a programmed cell death

173
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Clear layer and it is a thin layer only a few cell thick that does not stain when prepared for light microscopy giving it a clear appearance.

174
Q

Stratum Corneaum

A

Horny Layer and refers to the superficial layer of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin and surrounded by glycolipids filling the extracellular space to create a waer resistant barrier

175
Q

Melanon

A

Produced by melanocytes fives the skin a brown color

176
Q

Hemaglobin

A

Red pigment found in erythrocytes.

177
Q

Cyanosis

A

The characteristic blue color of the skin that indicates lack of oxygen as occurs when a person is suffocating

178
Q

Biliruben

A

A breakdown product of hemoglobin

179
Q

Jaundice

A

A yellow pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high biliruben levels

180
Q

Carotene

A

Give the skin an orange color. Can be converted to vitamin A

181
Q

Hair folicales

A

Small accessory organs that produce hair

182
Q

Functions of the hair

A

Protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, and communication

183
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Found deep in the reticular layer of the dermis is another somatosensroy receptor that contributes to the sense of touch by detecting deep pressure and vibration

184
Q

Meissner Corpuscle

A

A somatosensory receptor common in the skin on the tips of the fingers that are very sensitive to detect light touch.

185
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Produce an oily secretion that protects and lubricates the hair and skin.
>Composed of Stratified cuboidal epithelium

186
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

(Sweat Glands) Coiled tubular glands that consist of stratified cuboidal epithelium that produces watery merocrine secretion to cool the body

187
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

All over body, more in palmar and plantar regions

188
Q

Approcrine Sweat Galnds

A

Located in the axilla, groin, face and nipples function at puberty made of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

189
Q

Nails

A

Produced by epidermal tissues.

>Functions: Protection, scratching, grasping small objects

Anatomy 2019 (11 decks)

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