Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the reference planes?
- Sagittal plane
- Horizontal plan
- Frontal plane
What is the Standard Anatomical Position?
- Standardised method of observing/imagine the body
What is the purpose of Standard Anatomical Position?
- For precise and consistent referencing to where things are
How is the Standard Anatomical Position achieved?
- Facing forward
- Arms down at the side
- Palms facing forward (supination), thumbs pointing out
- Right and Left from view point of patient
What is the Sagittal plane
Vertical view of the body
(Midsagittal plane - vertical view from the middle)
What is the transverse plane?
Horziontal view of the body
What is the coronal plane?
From the top (crown) to the bottom
What is the oblique plane?
A diagonal view of the body
What is Extension?
Straightening of a joint
What is Flexion?
Bending of a joint
What is Abduction?
Movement of the body part away from the midline (sagittal plane)
What is Adduction?
Movement of a body part towards the midline (sagittal plane)
What is Circumduction?
Combination of abduction, flexion and extension (cone shaped path)
What is Rotation?
One body part turn on an axis
What is Opposition?
Motion where body parts are brought together
What is Pronation?
Rotation movement of the forearm to turn the palm from superiorly facing to inferiorly facing
- Thumb travelling from lateral to medial
What is Supination?
Rotation movement of the forearm turning the palm from inferiorly facing to superiorly facing
What is a Prone Grave?
A individual facing down
What is the Supine Grave?
An individual facing up
What is Dorsiflexion?
Movement of the foot away from the ground
What is Plantarflexion?
Movement of the foot towards the ground
What is Palmar flexion?
Movement of the hand towards the ground
What is Eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot outwards facing away from the body
What is Inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot inwards facing towards the body
What is the Cranial?
The head
What is the post cranial?
Below the head
What makes up the skull?
The cranial and mandible
What organ is kept in the neurocranium?
The brain
What is the viscerocranium?
Skull bones which contribute to the facial skeleton
What si the viscerocranium?
Skull bones which contribute to the facial skeleton
What is the Wolff’s Law 1884 (Law of Transformation)
States that bone is laid down where itis needed and is taken away (reabsorbed) where not
What is Allen’s Rule?
Body form or shape is linear in warm climates and more rounded and compact in cold climates. Round forms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio
What is the Bergmann’s Rule?
Body size is large in cold climates and small in warm climates. Large bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratio
What bones are in the Axial Skeleton?
- Skull
- Hyoid
- RIbs
- Sternum
- Vertebral column
How many ribs are there in the body?
24
What makes up the Sternum?
Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process
What makes up the Vertebral column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
How many Cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many Sacral vertebrae are there?
5
How many Cocygeal vertebrae are there?
3 to 5
What are the bones in the upper limb?
- Clavicel
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
What bones are in the hands and wrist?
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Proximal Phalanges
- Intermediate Phalanges
- Distal Phalanges
How many bones are there of the upper limb?
2 for each bone
How many bones are in the carpal?
16
How many bones are in the Proximal Phalanges?
10
How many bones are in the Intermediate Phalanges?
8
How many bones are in the Distal Phalanges?
10
What are the bones in the lower limb?
- Os coxa
- Femur
- tibia
- Fibula
What bones are in the feet and ankle?
- Tarsal
- Metatarsals
- Proxmial Phalanges
- Intermediate Phalanges
- Distal Phalanges
How many bones are in the Tarsal?
14
How many bones are in the Metatarsals?
10
How many bones are in the Proxmial Phalanges?
10
How many bones are in the Intermediate Phalanges?
8
How many bones are in the Distal Phalanges?
10
What are the different types of bones?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
What are the Long bones in the Upper limb?
- Humeri
- Unlae
- Radii
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Clavicles
What are the long bones in the lower limb?
- Femora
- Tibiae
- Fibulae
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
What is the importance of long bones in the body?
- For mobility and providing support and levers and linages to enable movement
What are the short bones in the body?
- Carpals
- Tarsals
What is the importance of the short bone?
- Support for movement
- Provide elasticity and flexibility to enable subtle movements in the hands and feet
What are the flat bones in the body?
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Frontal
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Vomer
- Pelvis
- Sternum
- Ribs
What is the purpose of the flat bones?
- Provide protection to organs and broad surfaces for muscle attachement
What are the irregular bones?
- Temporal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Zygomatic
- Maxillae
- Palatine
- Mandible
- Inferior Nasal Conchae
- Hyoid
- Vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
What is the purpose of irregular bones?
Protection of nerves and other tissues and anchor points for muscular movement
What are the sesamoid bones?
- Patellae
- Pisiform
- Fabella
What are the 4 main tissue types?
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
What can be found in connective tissue?
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Bone
What are the types of Cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrous
What are the types of bones?
- Compact/Cortical
- Spongy/cancellous/Trabecular
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Storage
- Blood cell production
Why is support a function of the skeleton system?
- Cartilage provides firm but flexible support structures
- Ligands attach bone to bone
- Rigid and strong for bearing weight
What does the vertebrae protect?
Spinal cord
What are ligaments?
Bands of fibrous connective tissue
What elements are stored in the blood?
- Calcium
- Potassium
- Magnesium
Where is Adipose tissue stored?
In bone cavities
What happens if blood levels gets low?
Minerals in the blood is released
What is produced by red bone marrow?
Red, white blood cells and platelets
What is the properties of collagen?
Resilient and elastic
Is collagen organic?
Yes
What is an example of an inorganic molecule?
Hydroxyapatite
What is Hydroxyapatite?
Naturally occurring cyrstalline form of calcium
What is the bone composition?
- Inorganic (60%)
- Organic (30%)
- Water (10%)
What makes up Organic?
- Collegen
- Non-collagenous proteins
What is Cortical Bone?
- Support and cover bone shafts and external surfaces
- Made up of Haversian systems
What is the Haversian canals?
Series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone allowing blood vessels and nerves to travel through
What is the Haversian canal surrounded by?
Lamellae of bone matrix (collagen fibres running as lines)
Where are Trabecular bones found?
In epiphyses, metaphyses and at the end of the long bones
What is Periosteum?
Soft tissue membrane covering the entire bone
What is Periosteum made up of?
- Fibrous dense connective tissue
- Contains ostegenic cells
Function of Periosteum?
Point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
- Bound to bone via collagen fibres
What is Osteogenic cells?
Stems cells in the bone used for bone reapir and growth
What is the function of Osteogenic cells?
Develops into osteoblast
Where is Osteogenic cells found?
Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow
What is the function of Osteoblasts?
Bone formation
Where is Osteoblasts found?
Growing portion of bone, including periosteum and endosteum
What is Osteocytes function?
Maintain mineral concentration of matrix
Where are Osteocytes found?
Entrapped in matrix
What is Osteoclasts function?
Bone resorption
What is bone resorption?
Destruction of bone
Where is Osteoclasts found?
Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone
What is Ossifcation?
Process of bone formation
Where does bone formation occur?
1) Intramebraneous (formed in the membrane)
2) Endochronal (formed in the cartilage)
What happens at Intramembraneous
Direct mineralisation of highly vacular connective tissue
What bones are develop intramembraneously?
Bones that devlop early in foetal life (cranial vault, facial bones, mandible, clavicle)
What bones are devoped via Endochrondral?
- Cranial bones in the cartilage core
What is skeletal muscle also called?
Striated muscle
What is the overall body weight?
40%
What is the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
- Contractility
- Excitability
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
Sketal muscle shorten forcefully during contraction but lengthen passively how?
Either by gravity or contraction of opposing muscle
How does excitability occur?
Responding to a stimulus
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytopasam of a muscle cel
What does muscle fibre contain?
Myofibrils
- Consists of actin and mysoin myofliaments
What is sarcomeres?
Repreating unit of myofibrils
What is the length of sacromere?
Extends from one Z disk to another Z disk
What is I Band?
Consists of only actin spanning from the Z disk to the mysoin
What is the A Band?
Extends the length of the myosin
What is the H Zone?
Centre of a sacromere (only has mysoin)
What anchors Myosin to the centre of the sarcomere?
M line
