Lecture 1 Flashcards
normal partial pressure is ___
140
_____ is needed on the skeletal in order to prevent calcium from leaving the bones
Pressure
Define angiogenesis
the ability of the body to create new blood vessels
Normal blood glucose
85
_____ is the most important thing that needs to be normal
Blood sugar level
When a person is not eating the ____ will take glucose, (glycogen) break them down and dump them in the blood
Liver
After the glucose is gone, the liver will take ______ and convert them into glucose
Proteins in your muscles
After all the glucose and proteins in your muscles are gone, your body will take _____ and convert it into glucose for the brain
Albumin from the blood
RBC are responsible for ____
gas transport
______ cells are responsible for hormone and enzyme production
pancreatic
The differentiation between the cells is due to ….
DNA expression
The extracellular fluid is composed of….
Plasma, capillary membrane and interstitial fluid
Name 3 properties of the extracellular fluid.
- In constant motion
- Responsible for circulating blood
- Diffusion to tissues through capillary walls
Cell can only function if….
the internal environment is correct
Capillary is ____ cell thick
one
**Cells are very _____ to capillaries
Close
Wall of capillaries are permeable to most molecules except ______
plasma proteins
**_____ is the only thing your brain can use for energy
glucose
This is an example of ____
simple diffusion
_____ is the on thing the body can use for energy
ATP
Nutrients in the extracellular fluid is coming from where?
Lungs- breathing
GI Tract- digestion
Liver- enzymes
Musculoskeletal system
**What does the musculoskeletal system have to do with nutrients in the extracellular fluid?
Human must go get there food, used to be hunter/gatherers aka movement is needed
Organs need to removal products from the body.
Lungs- breath out CO2
Kidneys- urine
GI Tract- fecal material
Liver- make things water soluble so the kidney can excrete them
Once the oxygen is used up, how is the oxygen eliminated from the body?
Water via the electron transport chain
How do you eliminate carbon from the body once it has been used up?
CO2 via exhaling
6CO2 + 6H20 is the equation for
photosynthesis
What is the respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
How do you eliminate nitrogen from the body?
Urea via urination
Where does the energy live in the molecule?
in the covalent bond
_____ in your body is responsible for breaking the covalent bonds
Enzymes
Give 4 examples of negative feedback systems.
-CNS
- Sensory
- Motor
- Autonomic
- Hormone systems
____ is used to pump things against the concentration gradient
ATP
Define hyponutriema
low sodium, usually due to excessive water intake- especially in elderly people
Standard sodium : Extracellular vs Intracellular
142 vs 10
Standard potassium : Extracellular vs Intracellular
4 vs 140
Standard Bicarbonate : Extracellular vs Intracellular
28 vs 10
Standard Glucose : Extracellular vs Intracellular
85 vs 0-20
_____ causes the smooth muscles to relax and it causes increased blood flow to that area
Nitric oxide
Normal value of Oxygen
100
Normal value of Carbon Dioxide
40
Normal value of Glucose
85
Normal value for Body Temperature
98.4 (98-98.8)
Normal value for pH
7.4 (7.3- 7.5)
What kind of feedback mechanism is this? Describe how it works
Negative. Probe in hypothalamus detects a problem (sensor), Sensor sends information to hypothalamus (Central Comparator), Central comparator compares information to the set point, Output to an effector organ to correct the problem.
Correct the error
Describe what is happening here.
Positive feedback. Response to the change is to exacerbate the change, aka make it worse
Example of a positive feedback mechanism
Childbirth and ruptured blood vessels
What are the 4 basic types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial tissues covers what 3 surface structures
- Digestive
- Vessels
- Body cavities
Epithelial tissue secrets an _______ on the opposite side their free surface to help attached the epithelial cells to the _______
Extracellular material, underlying tissue (basement membrane)
What is the blue box pointing to?
Capillary basement membrane
What is the red box pointing to?
Epithelial basement membrane
Name 3 types of Epithelial Cell shapes. Give examples of each
- Squamous- Lining of blood and lymph vessels, Alveoli
- Cuboidal- Glands, Terminal bronchioles of lungs, Kidney Tubules
- Columnar- Uterus, Stomach, Intestines, Gallbladder, Bile Ducts
Give 3 examples of Extracellular matrix types
- Protein fibers
- Ground substances consisting of non-fibrous protein
- Fluid
Give 2 types of protein fibers
Collagen and Elastin
Give 2 characteristics of Ground substances consisting of non-fibrous protein
Long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (proteoglycan)
Very slippery to fluids- good lubricant for joint cavities
Give an example of Fluid
Blood- the matrix between the cells is liquid
Unique in that most of the matrix (plasma) is produced by other tissues
What are the 3 types of muscles groups. Give broad examples
- Striated voluntary (skeletal muscle)
- Striated involuntary (cardiac muscle)
- Non-striated involuntary (Smooth)
Basic unit of nervous tissue is called _____
Neuron
Neuron is made up of what 3 things
Cell body, dendrites and axon
What 4 things are neuroglia responsible for
- Support cells of the: Brain, Spinal cord and Peripheral nerves
- Nourish
- Protect
- Insulate
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is home to the _____
Ribosomes
What is the job of the ribosomes.
To synthesize proteins
Carbohydrates are stored in what 2 places
Muscles and liver glycogen
Proteins that make channels to help facilitate active transport are found ___
on the membrane of cells to create carriers and recognition of enzymes
Glucose gets broken down into #2 - a 3 carbon molecule called _____
pyruvate
Where does the Pyruvate go?
Into the Krebs cycle
Pyruvate turns into….
Latic acid
In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is turned into what?
Latic acid
Why does latic acid hurts?
H ions in the latic acid stimulates the free nerve endings in your muscles and it is painful
H ions in latic acid cause the actin and myosin in your muscles to change shape. This leads to _____
fatigue
The production of latic acid allows what
The next glucose atom to come in, which allows ATP to be produced
What does the Krebs cycle do?
Takes the carbons and produces carbon dioxide, produces NADH and FADH, breaks the bonds
Where is the Krebs cycle happen?
inside the mitochondrian
The NADH and FADH produced from the Krebs cycle go where?
To the electron transport chain
What is the NAD used for?
Goes back to the Krebs cycle to pick up another H to take to the Electron Transport chain
If you did not have NADH turning into NAD, what would the Krebs cycle do?
The Krebs cycle would stop and the pyruvate would turn to latic acid
How do you get rid of the electrons in the Hydrogens?
Take the hydrogens and add oxygen, so they can be excreted as water
