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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

normal partial pressure is ___

A

140

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2
Q

_____ is needed on the skeletal in order to prevent calcium from leaving the bones

A

Pressure

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3
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

the ability of the body to create new blood vessels

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4
Q

Normal blood glucose

A

85

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5
Q

_____ is the most important thing that needs to be normal

A

Blood sugar level

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6
Q

When a person is not eating the ____ will take glucose, (glycogen) break them down and dump them in the blood

A

Liver

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7
Q

After the glucose is gone, the liver will take ______ and convert them into glucose

A

Proteins in your muscles

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8
Q

After all the glucose and proteins in your muscles are gone, your body will take _____ and convert it into glucose for the brain

A

Albumin from the blood

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9
Q

RBC are responsible for ____

A

gas transport

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10
Q

______ cells are responsible for hormone and enzyme production

A

pancreatic

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11
Q

The differentiation between the cells is due to ….

A

DNA expression

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12
Q

The extracellular fluid is composed of….

A

Plasma, capillary membrane and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Name 3 properties of the extracellular fluid.

A
  1. In constant motion
  2. Responsible for circulating blood
  3. Diffusion to tissues through capillary walls
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14
Q

Cell can only function if….

A

the internal environment is correct

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15
Q

Capillary is ____ cell thick

A

one

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16
Q

**Cells are very _____ to capillaries

A

Close

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16
Q

Wall of capillaries are permeable to most molecules except ______

A

plasma proteins

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17
Q

**_____ is the only thing your brain can use for energy

A

glucose

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18
Q

This is an example of ____

A

simple diffusion

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19
Q

_____ is the on thing the body can use for energy

A

ATP

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20
Q

Nutrients in the extracellular fluid is coming from where?

A

Lungs- breathing
GI Tract- digestion
Liver- enzymes
Musculoskeletal system

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21
Q

**What does the musculoskeletal system have to do with nutrients in the extracellular fluid?

A

Human must go get there food, used to be hunter/gatherers aka movement is needed

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21
Q

Organs need to removal products from the body.

A

Lungs- breath out CO2
Kidneys- urine
GI Tract- fecal material
Liver- make things water soluble so the kidney can excrete them

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22
Q

Once the oxygen is used up, how is the oxygen eliminated from the body?

A

Water via the electron transport chain

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23
Q

How do you eliminate carbon from the body once it has been used up?

A

CO2 via exhaling

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24
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 is the equation for

A

photosynthesis

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25
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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26
Q

How do you eliminate nitrogen from the body?

A

Urea via urination

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27
Q

Where does the energy live in the molecule?

A

in the covalent bond

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28
Q

_____ in your body is responsible for breaking the covalent bonds

A

Enzymes

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29
Q

Give 4 examples of negative feedback systems.

A

-CNS
- Sensory
- Motor
- Autonomic
- Hormone systems

30
Q

____ is used to pump things against the concentration gradient

A

ATP

31
Q

Define hyponutriema

A

low sodium, usually due to excessive water intake- especially in elderly people

32
Q

Standard sodium : Extracellular vs Intracellular

A

142 vs 10

33
Q

Standard potassium : Extracellular vs Intracellular

A

4 vs 140

34
Q

Standard Bicarbonate : Extracellular vs Intracellular

A

28 vs 10

35
Q

Standard Glucose : Extracellular vs Intracellular

A

85 vs 0-20

36
Q

_____ causes the smooth muscles to relax and it causes increased blood flow to that area

A

Nitric oxide

37
Q

Normal value of Oxygen

A

100

38
Q

Normal value of Carbon Dioxide

A

40

39
Q

Normal value of Glucose

A

85

40
Q

Normal value for Body Temperature

A

98.4 (98-98.8)

41
Q

Normal value for pH

A

7.4 (7.3- 7.5)

42
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism is this? Describe how it works

A

Negative. Probe in hypothalamus detects a problem (sensor), Sensor sends information to hypothalamus (Central Comparator), Central comparator compares information to the set point, Output to an effector organ to correct the problem.

Correct the error

43
Q

Describe what is happening here.

A

Positive feedback. Response to the change is to exacerbate the change, aka make it worse

44
Q

Example of a positive feedback mechanism

A

Childbirth and ruptured blood vessels

45
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

46
Q

Epithelial tissues covers what 3 surface structures

A
  1. Digestive
  2. Vessels
  3. Body cavities
47
Q

Epithelial tissue secrets an _______ on the opposite side their free surface to help attached the epithelial cells to the _______

A

Extracellular material, underlying tissue (basement membrane)

48
Q

What is the blue box pointing to?

A

Capillary basement membrane

49
Q

What is the red box pointing to?

A

Epithelial basement membrane

50
Q

Name 3 types of Epithelial Cell shapes. Give examples of each

A
  1. Squamous- Lining of blood and lymph vessels, Alveoli
  2. Cuboidal- Glands, Terminal bronchioles of lungs, Kidney Tubules
  3. Columnar- Uterus, Stomach, Intestines, Gallbladder, Bile Ducts
51
Q

Give 3 examples of Extracellular matrix types

A
  1. Protein fibers
  2. Ground substances consisting of non-fibrous protein
  3. Fluid
52
Q

Give 2 types of protein fibers

A

Collagen and Elastin

53
Q

Give 2 characteristics of Ground substances consisting of non-fibrous protein

A

Long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (proteoglycan)

Very slippery to fluids- good lubricant for joint cavities

54
Q

Give an example of Fluid

A

Blood- the matrix between the cells is liquid
Unique in that most of the matrix (plasma) is produced by other tissues

55
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles groups. Give broad examples

A
  1. Striated voluntary (skeletal muscle)
  2. Striated involuntary (cardiac muscle)
  3. Non-striated involuntary (Smooth)
56
Q

Basic unit of nervous tissue is called _____

A

Neuron

57
Q

Neuron is made up of what 3 things

A

Cell body, dendrites and axon

58
Q

What 4 things are neuroglia responsible for

A
  1. Support cells of the: Brain, Spinal cord and Peripheral nerves
  2. Nourish
  3. Protect
  4. Insulate
59
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is home to the _____

A

Ribosomes

60
Q

What is the job of the ribosomes.

A

To synthesize proteins

61
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in what 2 places

A

Muscles and liver glycogen

62
Q

Proteins that make channels to help facilitate active transport are found ___

A

on the membrane of cells to create carriers and recognition of enzymes

63
Q

Glucose gets broken down into #2 - a 3 carbon molecule called _____

A

pyruvate

64
Q

Where does the Pyruvate go?

A

Into the Krebs cycle

65
Q

Pyruvate turns into….

A

Latic acid

66
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is turned into what?

A

Latic acid

67
Q

Why does latic acid hurts?

A

H ions in the latic acid stimulates the free nerve endings in your muscles and it is painful

68
Q

H ions in latic acid cause the actin and myosin in your muscles to change shape. This leads to _____

A

fatigue

69
Q

The production of latic acid allows what

A

The next glucose atom to come in, which allows ATP to be produced

70
Q

What does the Krebs cycle do?

A

Takes the carbons and produces carbon dioxide, produces NADH and FADH, breaks the bonds

71
Q

Where is the Krebs cycle happen?

A

inside the mitochondrian

72
Q

The NADH and FADH produced from the Krebs cycle go where?

A

To the electron transport chain

73
Q

What is the NAD used for?

A

Goes back to the Krebs cycle to pick up another H to take to the Electron Transport chain

74
Q

If you did not have NADH turning into NAD, what would the Krebs cycle do?

A

The Krebs cycle would stop and the pyruvate would turn to latic acid

75
Q

How do you get rid of the electrons in the Hydrogens?

A

Take the hydrogens and add oxygen, so they can be excreted as water

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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