Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Pulmonary ventilation is the ?
mechanisms of breathing
What is respiration?
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood
What is a factor that determines the homeostatic balance?
transport of O2 and CO2
tissues will alter the blood flow without the direction of the nervous system when the O2 level drops
Regulation of ventilation is determined by the ??
pH
What muscles are used in inspiration?
External intercostals
SCM
Anterior Serratous
Scaleni
What muscles are used in heavy expiration?
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
What two layers form the pleural cavity?
visceral on the lungs
parietal on the thorax
What is creating the negative pleural pressure that allows the lungs to move with the ribs?
Continuous suction of excess fluid into the lymph that maintains suction between the visceral and parietal surfaces
What happens if the continuous suction between the ribs does not work?
pleural effusions
What is happening during inspiration?
the thorax expands causing the alveolar pressure to decrease (become negative) from 0 (normal is 0) and air flows into the lungs
What is happening during expiration?
the thorax constricts increasing the alveolar pressure causing the air to flow out of the lungs
What is recoil pressure?
the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures
What does the recoil pressure represent?
gives you an idea of how much the lungs want to pull away from the parietal pleura and collapse
Name a force that makes the lungs want to collapse
Elastin and collagen
What does the compliance represent? DRAW IT!
relates the lung volume changes to changes in transpulmonary pressure
To be able to inspire, muscles have to overcome what 2 things?
- overcome collagen and elastin forces
- surface tension
Define tidal volume
volume inspired or expired per breath
Inspiratory reserve volume
max inspiration at end of tidal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume
max expiration at end of tidal expiration
total lung capacity
volume in lungs after max inspiration
residual lung volume
volume in lungs after max expiration
forced vital capacity
max volume expired after max inspiration
inspiratory capacity
max volume inspired following tidal expiration
functional residual capacity
volume in lungs after tidal expiration
What is minute ventilation
expiratory volume in 1 minute
How much in mL is dead space ventilation?
around 150 mL
What is physiologic dead space
air goes to alveoli without blood flow
what is anatomic dead space
air goes to trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and gas exchange does NOT occur
As you go deeper into the respiratory passageway, there is (more/less) connective tissue holding it together
LESS the further and further you go down
Trachae has ___ to prevent collapse
cartilage rings
____ have less cartilage to expand and contract
bronchi
______ are not prevented from collapsing their walls
bronchioles
_____ have elastin and connective tissue but no cartilage
bronchioles
_____ have low resistance and change with ventilation
Bronchioles
??????? ASK SKYE ????? Where is resistance to airflow higher, in smaller bronchioles or larger bronchioles
_____ greatly stimulates B2 Adrenergic neurons to dilate the bronchioles
epinephrine
_____ cause bronchio constriction and asthma attacks
mast cell degranulation
Describe the High pressure, Low flow circulation
-blood leaves the heart through the descending aorta to supply the lung tissues
-return from the lungs throught the pulmonary veins and enter the left atria
- the mixing of the deoxygenated blood in the left atria is one of the reasons that you never have 100% saturation
Describe the Low pressure, high flow circulation.
Why is the pressure low?
-take the deoxygenated blood to the alveolar capillaries when oxygen is added and CO2 is exchanged
because it is spread thin across the lungs to serve around 6 million alveoli
Pulmonary edema occurs when?
when there is a problem with the LV
LV is weak and cannot pump blood to the aorta which causes blood to back up into the atria, pulmonary veins and pulmonary artery
How do you diagnose pulmonary edema?
with a Swan-Ganz catheter (>20mmHg) to measure the increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure
Blood perfusion is (higher/lower) at the bottom on the lung
higher
At the top of the lung, ventilation is (higher/lower)
Higher
If the blood flow is not moving between the alveoli and capillaries, what has happened?
the alveolar pressure is GREATER than the capillary pressure
During exercise, what happens in terms of the lungs?
-blood flow to the lungs increases drastically
- # of capillaries increases
- capillaries distend
- small increase in pulmonary arterial pressure
What is the most significant forces driving the absorption of fluid into the capillaries?
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
What is the plasma colloid osmotic pressure? Need the number
-28mmHg
What is the mean filtration pressure and where is it going?
+1 mmHg coming into the lungs but it taken up by the lymph
What is restrictive lung disorder?
when you cant get enough air INTO the lungs
limited INSPIRATION
Pulmonary fibrosis is restrictive/obstructive?
restricted
thick, scarred lungs make it difficult to max inspiration and gas exchange
What is an obstructive lung disorder?
when you cant get all of the air OUT
expiration is limited
Asthma is restrictive/obstructive?
obstructive because air is getting trapped and cannot be fully EXHALED due to collapsed bronchioles
COPD is restrictive/obstructive
obstructive, because air is getting trapped and cannot be fully EXHALED due to collapsed bronchioles
Describe small bronchiole disease
air gets trapped in and cannot be fully exhaled due to small bronchioles collapsing
Be able to draw the Flow-Volume Loop
Be able to draw this curve
The top of the lung has a (high/low) V/Q ratio
HIGH
the bottom of the lung has a (low/high) V/Q ratio
LOW
What is partial pressure?
the percent of the gas in the mixture of gasses
What are the SET (aka these numbers do not change) of mixtures of O2, N2 and CO2 when the atmospheric pressure is at sea level (760)
20.93 for oxygen
79.03 for nitrogen
.04 for Carbon dioxide
At sea level, what is the partial pressure for oxygen?
159 mmHg
At sea level, what is the partial pressure for Nitrogen?
600mmHg
At sea level, what is the partial pressure for Carbon dioxide?
1mmHg
Why is it more important to maintain CO2 levels than O2 levels?
because CO2 is more closely tied to pH
Hemoglobin is made from ____ and _____. Which combine to form _____.
succinyl- CoA and glycine
pyrol molecule
4 Pyrol molecules form a ______, which combine with _____ to make heme
protoporphyrin
iron
____ and ____ put together form hemoglobin
iron and protein
Name some things that can influence the oxygen dissociation
-difference in partial pressure of O2
- changes in pH
-changes in temperature
What is oxygen dissociation?
the ability of hemoglobin to release O2
What is the oxygen carrying capacity formula?
15gHb/100mL of blood * 1.34 = 20mL
Draw the oxygen dissociation curve. What is on the Y, X, Z axis labeled?
X= Pressure of oxygen in blood PO2 mmHg
Y= Hemoglobin saturation %
Z= Volumes %
When the partial pressure is high, what does hemoglobin do?
hemoglobin wants to bind tightly to O2
When the partial pressure is low, what does hemoglobin do?
hemoglobin wants to release into tissues
DRAW the CO2 transport system from Dr. Sheppard
Draw the CO2 transport formula from Dr. Sheppard
What is the main method of transportation for Carbon Dioxide?
plama bicarbonate
Acids produce/accept H+
produce
bases produce/accept H+
accept
What are the two ways we can regulate acid-base?
- Respiratory control blowing off excess CO2
- Renal control- elimination of H+ in urine OR reabsorption of bicarb
Is diabetes metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
acidosis
Is diarhhea metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
acidosis
Is vomiting metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
alkalosis
Is hyperventilation respiratory acidosis/alkalosis?
alkalosis
The ____ and _____ of the brainstem regulate respiration
medulla and pons
What is the dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
causes inspiration
What is the ventral respiratory group is responsible for?
causes expiration
utilized when the respiratory drive exceeds normal breathing at rest
What is the pneumotaxic center responsible for?
controls the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory drive
limit inspiration, may increase the respiratory rate to compensate
What is the inspiratory ramp signal?
a steady ramp signal for 2 seconds that enable inspiration and ceases abruptly for 3 seconds to stop excitation of teh diaphragm and allow elastic recoil of the lungs (expiration)
-allows for a nice steady increase in lung volume
When the lungs become overstretched during inspiration, what happens? at what point does this happen?
the inspiratory ramp “switches off”
not activated until the Tidal Volume is 3x normal
____ does not have a direct effect on the respiratory center but instead acts on ______. Where are they located?
Oxygen
peripheral chemorecptors
carotid and aortic bodies
______ are located outside the brain to detect O2. What else do they detect?
peripheral chemoreceptors
CO2 and H+
Where is it the easiest to collapse the alveoli? (top/middle/bottom)
TOP
due to the lack of blood flow
____ regulate bicard
Kidneys
____ regulate CO2
Lungs
