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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Cardio pt 2- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Cardio pt 2- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

VO2= CO * a-VO2 difference

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2
Q

In 100ml of body, what is your oxygen carrying capacity?

A

20mL

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3
Q

VO2 stands for?

A

oxygen consumption

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4
Q

When the arterial blood enters the tissue it has _____ oxygen. When the blood leaves the tissue it is at ___ oxygen.

A

20mL

15mL

tissue takes up 5mL of blood

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5
Q

In one minute, how much can your heart pump out?

A

5000 mL of blood

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6
Q

What is the total cardiac output?

A

25 Liters

25,000mL

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7
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood that comes out of the heart per beat

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8
Q

T/F: Max heart rate can increase with exercise.

A

FALSE

max heart rate is a function of age

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9
Q

Chronotropic is defined as ?

A

how fast/slow the heart is beating

aka heart rate

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10
Q

Ionotropic is defined as ?

A

how hard the heart is beating

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11
Q

Stroke volume (increases/decreases) with fitness

A

increases

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12
Q

RESTING heart rate (increases/decreases) with fitness

A

decreases

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13
Q

Name some ways that stroke volume will increase?

A

Sympathetic nervous system, B-adrengeric stimulation, increase calcium -> harder the heart will contract

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14
Q

Oxygen is extracted by the _____ in the cells

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

Increasing calcium with (increase/decrease) heart contractility

A

increase (the force with which it contracts)

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16
Q

B adrenergic stimulates the SA node causing ??

A

increase the number of times the heart contracts

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17
Q

The a to VO2 difference will be (higher/lower) when you are fit

A

HIGHER because more oxygen is being used up in the tissues

aka the difference will be greater

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18
Q

What is training doing to your body to make the a to VO2 difference to increase?

A

the mitochondria are getting bigger and multiplying

more capillaries

higher stroke volume

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19
Q

sympathetic/parasympathetic is dominate at rest, what happens to your heart rate?

A

para

para stimulation will decrease the HR

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20
Q

what defines an efficient heart?

A

pumping the same amount of blood in less time

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21
Q

Name some factors that will affect preload

A
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22
Q

Name some factors that will affect afterload

A

Shoveling snow (static work)

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23
Q

What is the pressor reflex? What happens to BP and HR?

A

high amount of muscle tension increases cardiovascular function

both will increase

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24
Q

_____ in the carotid bodies of the aorta arch determines how much pressure inside the vessel

A

baroreceptors

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25
What is the job of the baroreceptors?
to maintain normal blood pressure
26
In orthostatic hypotension the ____ are not picking up your blood pressure is low
baroreceptors
27
Before you even start working out, ____ _____ increases heart rate and pressure
Central command the higher brain centers through the sympathetic nervous system
28
______ initiates the cardiac cycle, how many times a minute?
SA node, 100
29
Due to ____ _____, if 1 heart cell fires off, they all fire off
inter-calculated discs
30
Where is the SA node located?
Superior lateral wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava.
31
Why does AV node delays the impulse it receives from the SA node?
to give the ventricles time to fill
32
What is a PVC? What does it stand for?Why is it a problem?
When the heart fires off much lower than it is supposed to. Preventricular Contraction because the ventricle contracts an empty chamber
33
The electrical way goes what direction?
from the right shoulder to the left hip
34
During diastole, the _____ are relaxes and does what?
ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood
35
During systole, what valves are closing? describe the pressures in the atrium and ventricle
AV valves pressure in the atrium is LESS than in the ventricle pressure in the ventricle is GREATER than in the atrium
36
During diastole, what valves are closing? describe the pressures in the artery and ventricle
Semilunar valves Pressure in the ventricle is LOWER than the artery Pressure in the artery is GREATER than the ventricle
37
What 2 factors determine what the valves of the heart are doing?
Pressure and shape
38
What is the job of the chordae tendineae?
the maintain the shape of the valve NOT TO OPEN/CLOSE THE VALVE
39
S1 is the sound of ?
closing of the mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid valve
40
S2 is the
closing of the semilunar valves
41
Describe what is happening in the period of rapid filling? What curve will rise?
Moderately increased pressures have developed in the atria during ventricular systole immediately push the A-V valves open LV volume curve
42
Describe what is happening in Isovolumic contraction
Immediately after V contraction begins, V pressure rises abruptly AV valves close Then an additional .02 - .03 seconds is required for the ventricle to build up sufficient pressure to push the semilunar valves open against the pressures in the aorta and pulmonary artery. No emptying
43
During the period of ejection the left ventricle pressure is _____?
slightly above 80mmHg
44
During the period of ejection the right ventricle pressure is _____?
slightly above 8 mmHg
45
During the ____ period of ejection, _____% of blood is emptying is occurring during the first 1/3 of ejection
Rapid 70%
46
During the ____ period of ejection, _____% of blood is emptying is occurring during the 2/3rd of ejection
Slow 30%
47
During isovolumic relaxation, what is happening?
-Both the right and left INTRAVENTRICULAR PRESSURES decrease rapidly -Distended large arteries that have been filled push blood back toward the V -This snaps the aortic and pulmonary valves closed -For another .03 to .06 second – the V muscle continues to relax – even though the ventricular volume does not change
48
What is stroke volume in terms of End Diastolic and End Systolic volume?
EDV- ESV = Stroke volume
49
What is ejection fraction?
the amount of blood that was actually pumped out of the ventricle compared to the total amount of blood in the ventricle
50
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
EDV-ESV/ EDV *100
51
Describe lamina blood flow
blood flowing like a bullet this is the normal kind you want
52
Describe turbinent blood flow
blood that is bouncing off the walls of the vesells, NOT traveling in a straight line
53
Would aortic regurgitation be a preload/afterload stress?
preload because blood is going back into the heart
54
Would aortic stenosis be (preload/afterload) stress?
Afterload because blood is leaving the heart
55
Would mitral stenosis be (preload/afterload) stress?
not really either, decreasing preload a little bit
56
For the Volume-Pressure diagram, if the heart is under a PRELOAD stress it will shift and extend to the ____? The stroke volume will (decrease/increase)
to the right increase
57
For the Volume-Pressure diagram, if the heart is under an AFTERLOAD stress it will shift ____?
Vertical, because the isovolumetric contraction will be higher to get the aortic valve to open
58
If the heart ejects more blood out in one pulse, than it did in the previous pulse you would say the contractility of the heart (increased/decreased)
increased
59
EW on the volume pressure diagram is ?
How hard the heart has to work
60
At rest, the heart consumes about ____ of the oxygen it receives from blood flowing through the coronary arteries,
70%
61
know how to draw this
just do it
62
The _____ can increase 4X from rest to maximal exercise in an adult without disease (from 250 ml/min to 1000 ml/min)
coronary blood flow
63
The rate pressure product is ??
SBP * HR
64
True/False: Every organ can control its own blood flow
True
65
What two organs receive the most blood per weight of the tissue?
Liver and Kidneys** the most
66
Describe redistribution of blood
blood goes to the areas that are currently being used the most goes to muscles during exercise goes to the GI after a meal goes to the skin when needed to help regulate body temperature
67
What is an acute control of blood flow?
vasodilation/constriction of the arterioles, metarterioles and pre-capillary sphincter
68
What is a long term control of blood flow?
angiogensis
69
What is vasodilator theory?
The greater the rate of metabolism or the less the availability of oxygen or some other nutrients to the tissue, the greater the rate of formation of vasodilator substances in the tissue cells The vasodilator substances then are believed to diffuse through the tissues to the pre-capillary sphincters, metarterioles, and arterioles to cause dilation.
70
In blood flow, the diameter of the vessel, is (not/very) influential
VERY influential, to the 4th power!
71
what does the macula densa do?
detects the composition of fluid in the early distal tubule, located on the distal tubule itself
72
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
process in which the kidney makes sure it gets enough blood flow so that it can filter the blood for the rest of the body
73
What is nitric oxide synthesized from?
Arginine and oxygen
74
Is NO made on demand or stored?
made when it is needed, NOT STORED
75
______ plays a role in the long term regulation of blood flow
oxygen
76
How do you calculate blood pressure?
Cardiac output * Total Peripheral Resistance
77
How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure?
Diastolic BP + (1/3 (Stystolic- Diastole BP))
78
Mean arterial pressure is used to??
calculate tissue perfusion
79
What is pressure difference?
difference of the blood between the two ends of the vessel
80
Describe vascular resistance
the impediment to blood flow through the vessel
81
Turbulent flow puts you at a higher risk for _____
blood clots
82
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
Systolic - diastolic
83
Is delta P proportion to flow or inverse to flow?
84
The diastolic BP does not change while doing what kind of movements?
steady, free flowing movements (Walking, cross country skiing)
85
The diastolic BP changes while doing what kind of movements? Why?
moving heavy things, weight lifting when muscles bulge during static heavy work they put pressure on the vessels causing massive vasoconstriction
86
**The diastolic phase is a reflection of the ____ of the vessel
diameter

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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