Exam Review-Pt 2- Cardio Flashcards
(Cardiac/Skeletal) muscle duration is longer
Cardiac
Cardiac muscle have _____, and they are connected via _____
syncytium, connected via gap junctions
Cardiac muscle has ____ channels. Describe them.
Ca-Na channels that are slower and longer
What is the beta agonist effect on the heart?
boost cardiac contractility
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
What does vagal stimulation effect have on the heart?
reduces HR- Parasympathetic
Draw the basic heart physiology graph
Where is the SA node located?
Superolateral wall of right atrium near SVC
During isovolumic contraction, what is the only thing changing?
pressure
What is the purpose of the valves?
to prevent backflow
What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?
to prevent over bulging/prolapse
True/False: Valves open and close at the same time.
FALSE: do NOT open/close at the same time
a valve closes first, then the subsequent one will open
The ___ valves are shaped so that the pointy side is down
tri/bi cuspid valves
The ____ valves are shaped that the pointy side is up
Aortic/pulmonary
During diastole, the atria have (high/low) pressure
High
During diastole, the ventricles have (high/low) pressure
low
In order for the AV valves to open, what must happen?
the pressure in the atria must be high enough, the valves open and the period of rapid filling begins
During systole, what is the pressure in the ventricle?
high
During systole, what is the pressure in the atria?
low
What must happen in order to open the semilunar valves?
once pressure in the ventricles builds enough the semilunar valve will open
Define isovolumic contraction
when the pressure in the ventricles are building to open the semilunar valve
At what pressure, does it take for the semilunar valve to open?
80
During the period of rapid ejection, what is happening? what percent of the blood?
majority is being ejected quickly (1/3 time)
70% of the volume
What is happening in the period of slow ejection?
the remaining 30% of blood is being ejected over 2/3rds of the time
What is happening in isovolumic relaxation?
the ventricle is done squeezing and it relaxes, the pressure drops and the semilunar valves close
Define end diastolic volume. What is the number?
the volume at the END of diastole
120mL
Define stroke volume. What is the number?
the volume ejected out of the LV during systole
70mL
End systolic volume. What is the number?
the volume at the END of systole
50mL
Ejection fraction
how much blood did you pump out compared to what you started with
What is the fick equation?
VO2= CO * a-VO2 difference
What is the average CO?
5mL/min
What is the average stroke volume?
70mL/beat
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
(EDV-ESV)/ EDV *100
What is Starling’s law?
the more blood that flows into the heart, the more it will pump out
Define preload
anything that causes an increase to how much blood ENTERS the heart
anything the increases venous return
Name some things that increase preload
Muscle pump- standing up
Respiratory pump (inspiration = negative pressure)
Venoconstriction (increased venous return)
Dynamic work (running)
Name some things that would increase afterload
Anything that will increase SBP
Aortic stenosis
Arteriosclerosis
Static work (weight lifting)
anything that would increase resistance after the aorta
Is curling biceps concentric or eccentric
concentric
is extending biceps concentric or eccentric
eccentric
A sympathetic stimulation in the heart would increase what 3 things
Heart rate
Stroke Volume
Cardiac output
Sympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)
ventricles
Parasympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)
atria
Heart sounds are made when the valve (opens/closes)
closes
What is the S1 sound?
closure of the AV valves
What is the S2 sound?
closure of the semilunar valves
S1 to S2 correspond to (systole/diastole)
systole
S2 to S1 correspond to (systole/diastole)
diastole
Draw the volume-pressure diagram
What is the rate pressure product?
Systolic blood pressure X HR
Coronary blood flow _____ in an adult from rest to max
increases up to 4x
Local blood flow is determined by ?
how much a tissue wants
What organs require the most blood? at what percentages?
Liver- 27%- 1350mL/min
Kidney 22% - 1100mL/min
During exercise blood flow to your muscles ??
dramatically increased up to 20X
Acute blood flow take ____ to occur. what mechanism does it use on what parts of the body.
seconds to minutes
vasoconstriction/dilation
acts on arterioles, metarterioles and capillary sphincters
Long term blood flow acts on ??
More and bigger capillaries
Hypoxia causes (constriction/dilation). Why?
vasodilation because the body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissues
in the kidneys, what does it base its adjustments on?
sodium levels
What is the sensing part of the kidney?
macula densa
If sodium is low, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR
afferent
increased
If sodium is high, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR
Efferent
decreased
The brain will dilate itself to get rid of _____
excess CO2 or H+
What is NO? Where is it derived from? what is it’s action
nitric oxide
endothelial derived factor that VASODILATES
_____ can release NO as a safety mechanism so it doesnt overly constrict you
Angiotensin 2
How you do calculate MAP?
DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)
pressure is directly proportional to ____ and _____
flow and resistance
How do you calculate TPR?
MAP/CO
Pressure = ______ * ________
flow X resistance
Resistance = _____/ ______
SVR/TPR
Flow is usually _____. describe it
laminar: smooth straight
you do NOT want blood flow to be _____. Describe it. When does it occur?
Turbulent: blood flow all over the place
rate is too high, sharp turns, speed bumps, obstructions
____ is the biggest factor in flow rate.
Diameter
to the 4th power
Something about this?
Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance?
arterioles
they are more rigid that arteries
have significantly smaller lumen and slow the blood flow from the arteries
