Gastro-part 2- Exam 3

Question 1

once a substance is eaten it must first go through the _____, what is the exception

Answer 1

goes to liver first

unless it is fat (fat goes to the lymph system)

Question 2

In the sinusoids what is mixing?

Answer 2

portal vein blood and hepatic artery blood

Question 3

What is the responsibility of the liver plate cells?

Answer 3

produce LDL, HDL and converts glucose to glycogen, coagulation

Question 4

the space of disse surrounds ____

Answer 4

liver plate cells

Question 5

space of disse empties into the ____

Answer 5

lymph ducts

Question 6

where do the bile canaliculi empty?

Answer 6

empty into the bile ducts

Question 7

What is the major component of the bile salt?

Answer 7

cholesterol

Question 8

venous sinusoids are lined by ____ and ____ cells

Answer 8

endothelial and Kupffer cells

Question 9

What is the role of the Kupffer cells?

Answer 9

resident phagocytes, helps filter the blood through the liver

Question 10

What are the vasodilator substances that are released from the mucosa of the intestinal tract during digestion

Answer 10

CCK
Vasoactive instestinal peptide
gastrin
secretin

Question 11

_____ and ____ are the vasodilators released from the GI glands

Answer 11

kallidin
Bradykinin

Question 12

What are the only three things that goes through the gut and into the bloodstream are ____, ____ and _____

Answer 12

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 13

______ increase the surface area in the small intestine

Answer 13

Brush border microvilli (20x), villi (10x) on the valvulae conniventes (3x)

total surface area increases 1000X

Question 14

____ are part of the lymph system that the triglycerides go into

Answer 14

lacteals

Question 15

_____ causes the relaxes of the stomach

Answer 15

large quantities of food

Question 16

CCK and secretin have ___ effect on the stomach? What does this cause?

Answer 16

increase sympathetic drive

causes a decrease in gastric emptying time

Question 17

_____ is released from the chief cells. What is in inactive form?

Answer 17

pepsin

pepsinogen

Question 18

How does pepsinogen become active?

Answer 18

gets activated by HCl

Question 19

there is very little ____ happening in the stomach. What are the 2 exceptions?

Answer 19

absorption

alcohol and aspirin

Question 20

what is it called when the food stretches the stomach?

Answer 20

vagovagal reflex: helps to accommodate larger amounts of food

Question 21

What two things does parietal cells excrete?

Answer 21

HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 22

What do pyloric glands secrete?

Answer 22

gastrin

Question 23

What does a Vit B12 deficiency lead to ?

Answer 23

pernicious anemia

Question 24

What are some duodenal factors that inhibit stomach emptying?

Answer 24

1. degree of duodenal distention
2. irritation of duodenal mucosa
3. degree of acidity of the duodenal chyme
4. degree of osmolality of the chyme
5. presence of certain breakdown products in the chyme, proteins and fats**

Question 25

Does the duodenum have a mucous protecting layer?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What 2 substances help to neutralize the pH in the duodenum?

Answer 26

secretin and CCK

Question 27

____ and _____ are released into the bloodstream from the duodenal epithelium and then come back to the duodenum. What is the effect?

Answer 27

CKK and GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide) inhibitory hormones, makes you not want to eat

Question 28

Acini cells secrete _____

Answer 28

bicarbonate

Question 29

What are the enzymes responsible for digesting proteins?

Answer 29

Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypolypeptides

Question 30

What enzyme is responsible for digesting carbs?

Answer 30

pancreatic amylase

Question 31

What enzymes are responsible for digesting fats?

Answer 31

pancreatic lipase cholesterol esterase phospholipase

Question 32

What are the simple sugars?

Answer 32

Glucose and Fructose

Question 33

______ is 1/2 of the lactose found in milk. Does it occur freely in nature?

Answer 33

galactose No

Question 34

_____ is the most common disaccharide

Answer 34

Sucrose

Question 35

What is the main way carbohydrates are separated?

Answer 35

through the process of hydrolysis

Question 36

What are the 3 main sources of CHO that exist in the normal human diet?

Answer 36

Sucrose Lactose Starches

Question 37

What are the 3 intestinal epithelial enzymes located within the brush border?

Answer 37

lactase sucrase maltase

Question 38

When digestion is complete, what percentage is glucose? Galactose and fructose?

Answer 38

80% glucose less than 10% galactose and fructose

Question 39

Do we need to know this diagram?

Answer 39

ask during the review

Question 40

Do we need to know this diagram?

Answer 40

ask at the review

Question 41

What is the first step in the digestion of fats?

Answer 41

break the fat globules into small sized so the water-soluble digestive enzymes can act on the globular surfaces

Question 42

Where does the emulsification of fats occur?

Answer 42

in the duodenum under the influence of bile salts and lecithin (phospholipid)

Question 43

What is enteric lipase?

Answer 43

an additonal lipase found in the small intestine

Question 44

What is the end product of the digestion of fats?

Answer 44

free fatty acids and 2-monoglyceride

Question 45

What are micelles?

Answer 45

Triglycerides that are broken down by lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides. small lipids + cholesterol + vitamins = micelles

Question 46

What is a chylomicron?

Answer 46

triglycerides are re-formed, with other fats enclosed by a membrane. coated with proteins to form a chylomicron

Question 47

What is the process of digesting fats?

Answer 47

gallbladder- bile salts- emulsification- production of micelles- chylomicron- goes into lacteal

Question 48

What are the chylomicron made of?

Answer 48

protein coating, phosolipids, cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 49

What is the special enzyme that lines the epithelial walls?

Answer 49

lipoprotein lipase

Question 50

What is the job of the lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 50

grabs chylomicrons and starts pulling out triglycerides and puts them into the cell

Question 51

How are adipose tissue formed?

Answer 51

Chylomicron triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase to form fat, fat is stored in the adipose tissue

Question 52

Do we need to know this diaphram?

Answer 52

Ask at the review

Question 53

Where are the 2 major sites for fat deposits?

Answer 53

adipose tissue liver

Question 54

What makes up 80-95% of the entire cell volume in a fat cell?

Answer 54

triglycerides

Question 55

What do cholesterol levels measure?

Answer 55

type, size and amount of fat that is floating around in the blood

Question 56

Under what conditions will large amounts of triglycerides appear in the liver

Answer 56

-During the early stages of starvation -In diabetes mellitus -In any other condition in which fat instead of carbohydrates is being used for energy

Question 57

What is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composed of?

Answer 57

LOTS of lipids compared to protein coating surrounding it

Question 58

What is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composed of?

Answer 58

lots of protein coating WITHOUT that much fat

Question 59

Is LDL or HDL associated with heart disease?

Answer 59

LDL

Question 60

After all chylomicrons have been removed from the blood.More than 95% of all lipids in the plasma are in the form of _____

Answer 60

lipoprotein

Question 61

Do we need to know this diagram?

Answer 61

ask during the review

Question 62

What get digested in the stomach?

Answer 62

10-20% of the total digestion of proteins

Question 63

what 2 enzymes should we associate with the microvilli brush border?

Answer 63

Aminopolypeptidases Dipeptidases