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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Gastro-part 2- Exam 3 > Flashcards

Gastro-part 2- Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

once a substance is eaten it must first go through the _____, what is the exception

A

goes to liver first

unless it is fat (fat goes to the lymph system)

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2
Q

In the sinusoids what is mixing?

A

portal vein blood and hepatic artery blood

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3
Q

What is the responsibility of the liver plate cells?

A

produce LDL, HDL and converts glucose to glycogen, coagulation

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4
Q

the space of disse surrounds ____

A

liver plate cells

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5
Q

space of disse empties into the ____

A

lymph ducts

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6
Q

where do the bile canaliculi empty?

A

empty into the bile ducts

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7
Q

What is the major component of the bile salt?

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

venous sinusoids are lined by ____ and ____ cells

A

endothelial and Kupffer cells

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9
Q

What is the role of the Kupffer cells?

A

resident phagocytes, helps filter the blood through the liver

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10
Q

What are the vasodilator substances that are released from the mucosa of the intestinal tract during digestion

A

CCK
Vasoactive instestinal peptide
gastrin
secretin

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11
Q

_____ and ____ are the vasodilators released from the GI glands

A

kallidin
Bradykinin

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12
Q

What are the only three things that goes through the gut and into the bloodstream are ____, ____ and _____

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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13
Q

______ increase the surface area in the small intestine

A

Brush border microvilli (20x), villi (10x) on the valvulae conniventes (3x)

total surface area increases 1000X

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14
Q

____ are part of the lymph system that the triglycerides go into

A

lacteals

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15
Q

_____ causes the relaxes of the stomach

A

large quantities of food

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16
Q

CCK and secretin have ___ effect on the stomach? What does this cause?

A

increase sympathetic drive

causes a decrease in gastric emptying time

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17
Q

_____ is released from the chief cells. What is in inactive form?

A

pepsin

pepsinogen

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18
Q

How does pepsinogen become active?

A

gets activated by HCl

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19
Q

there is very little ____ happening in the stomach. What are the 2 exceptions?

A

absorption

alcohol and aspirin

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20
Q

what is it called when the food stretches the stomach?

A

vagovagal reflex: helps to accommodate larger amounts of food

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21
Q

What two things does parietal cells excrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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22
Q

What do pyloric glands secrete?

A

gastrin

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23
Q

What does a Vit B12 deficiency lead to ?

A

pernicious anemia

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24
Q

What are some duodenal factors that inhibit stomach emptying?

A
  1. degree of duodenal distention
  2. irritation of duodenal mucosa
  3. degree of acidity of the duodenal chyme
  4. degree of osmolality of the chyme
  5. presence of certain breakdown products in the chyme, proteins and fats**
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25
Q

Does the duodenum have a mucous protecting layer?

A

No

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26
Q

What 2 substances help to neutralize the pH in the duodenum?

A

secretin and CCK

27
Q

____ and _____ are released into the bloodstream from the duodenal epithelium and then come back to the duodenum. What is the effect?

A

CKK and GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide)

inhibitory hormones, makes you not want to eat

28
Q

Acini cells secrete _____

A

bicarbonate

29
Q

What are the enzymes responsible for digesting proteins?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypolypeptides

30
Q

What enzyme is responsible for digesting carbs?

A

pancreatic amylase

31
Q

What enzymes are responsible for digesting fats?

A

pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
phospholipase

32
Q

What are the simple sugars?

A

Glucose and Fructose

33
Q

______ is 1/2 of the lactose found in milk. Does it occur freely in nature?

A

galactose

No

34
Q

_____ is the most common disaccharide

A

Sucrose

35
Q

What is the main way carbohydrates are separated?

A

through the process of hydrolysis

36
Q

What are the 3 main sources of CHO that exist in the normal human diet?

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Starches

37
Q

What are the 3 intestinal epithelial enzymes located within the brush border?

A

lactase
sucrase
maltase

38
Q

When digestion is complete, what percentage is glucose? Galactose and fructose?

A

80% glucose

less than 10% galactose and fructose

39
Q

Do we need to know this diagram?

A

ask during the review

40
Q

Do we need to know this diagram?

A

ask at the review

41
Q

What is the first step in the digestion of fats?

A

break the fat globules into small sized so the water-soluble digestive enzymes can act on the globular surfaces

42
Q

Where does the emulsification of fats occur?

A

in the duodenum under the influence of bile salts and lecithin (phospholipid)

43
Q

What is enteric lipase?

A

an additonal lipase found in the small intestine

44
Q

What is the end product of the digestion of fats?

A

free fatty acids and 2-monoglyceride

45
Q

What are micelles?

A

Triglycerides that are broken down by lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides. small lipids + cholesterol + vitamins = micelles

46
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

triglycerides are re-formed, with other fats enclosed by a membrane. coated with proteins to form a chylomicron

47
Q

What is the process of digesting fats?

A

gallbladder- bile salts- emulsification- production of micelles- chylomicron- goes into lacteal

48
Q

What are the chylomicron made of?

A

protein coating, phosolipids, cholesterol and triglycerides

49
Q

What is the special enzyme that lines the epithelial walls?

A

lipoprotein lipase

50
Q

What is the job of the lipoprotein lipase?

A

grabs chylomicrons and starts pulling out triglycerides and puts them into the cell

51
Q

How are adipose tissue formed?

A

Chylomicron triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase to form fat, fat is stored in the adipose tissue

52
Q

Do we need to know this diaphram?

A

Ask at the review

53
Q

Where are the 2 major sites for fat deposits?

A

adipose tissue
liver

54
Q

What makes up 80-95% of the entire cell volume in a fat cell?

A

triglycerides

55
Q

What do cholesterol levels measure?

A

type, size and amount of fat that is floating around in the blood

56
Q

Under what conditions will large amounts of triglycerides appear in the liver

A

-During the early stages of starvation
-In diabetes mellitus
-In any other condition in which fat instead of carbohydrates is being used for energy

57
Q

What is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composed of?

A

LOTS of lipids compared to protein coating surrounding it

58
Q

What is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composed of?

A

lots of protein coating WITHOUT that much fat

59
Q

Is LDL or HDL associated with heart disease?

A

LDL

60
Q

After all chylomicrons have been removed from the blood.More than 95% of all lipids in the plasma are in the form of _____

A

lipoprotein

61
Q

Do we need to know this diagram?

A

ask during the review

62
Q

What get digested in the stomach?

A

10-20% of the total digestion of proteins

63
Q

what 2 enzymes should we associate with the microvilli brush border?

A

Aminopolypeptidases
Dipeptidases

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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