LEC1 - INTRO TO IMMUNOHEMA Flashcards
Immunohematology is commonly known as
blood banking
is a branch
of HEMATOLOGY which studies ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate
to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of
blood disorders.
Immunohematology/blood banking
a study of Transfusion reactions that will lead to pathogenesis of some blood disorders
blood banking/immunohematology
Preparation of blood and blood components for transfusion as well as selection of appropriate, compatible components for transfusion.
Immunohematology
what is the main objective of immunohema
Main objective is to have a SAFE TRANSFUSION PRACTICES among the donor and the receiver
Immunohematology is a Study of antibody production by the host when exposed to ___.
foreign antigens
Blood Banking refers to the process of ___ blood and the distribution of RBCs and
blood components.
collecting, storing, and processing
how many percent is the limit of error in blood banking
0% error
blood banking processes Proper distribution to avoid having ___ blood
components and to ensure that blood
components are always available in the lab
expired
branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion
of blood and blood components.
Transfusion medicine
Transfusion medicine is also known as
transfusiology
year when the first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history
1492
who’s pope received blood from three different individual?
Pope Innocent VII
____ during year 1492 what was the principal obstacle to overcome
Clotting
year 1492, why Clotting was the principal obstacle to overcome
Because there are no preservatives for a specific blood product during that time
in what year does an English surgeon discovered antiseptics to prevent infection during transfusion?
1867
In year 1867, English surgeon named ____ uses antiseptics to
control infection during transfusions.
Joseph Lister
In blood banking, before the donor bleeding, application of ______ must be done after alcohol.
povidone-iodine
application of povidone-iodine after alcohol is is done to avoid bacterial contamination in
blood products since this can lead to ____ when transfused.
sepsis
in what year do we able to find a non-toxic anticoagulant - the first anticoagulant
1869
who recommends sodium phosphate
Braxton Hicks
a physician ob-gynecologist that created the sodium phosphate - a first anticoagulant created
braxton hicks
Braxton Hicks recommends sodium phosphate in what year?
1869
what is the first anticoagulant created
sodium phosphate
year when the first example of blood preservation research has taken place
1869
year when US physicians transfuse milk (from cows, goats, and humans).
1873-1880
the most significant year in BB
1901
who discovered the ABO Blood Group
system
Karl Landsteiner
in what year do Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO Blood Group system
1901
He explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions. His work in the beginning of the 20th century won a Nobel
Prize.
Karl Landsteiner,1901
Landsteiner’s Law
If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on red blood
cell membrane, the corresponding agglutinin
(antibody) must be absent in the plasma.
true or false
shrue
Landsteiner’s Law
If an agglutinogen is absent on the red blood cell
membrane, then corresponding agglutinin must be
present in the plasma.
true or false
true
In Landsteiner’s Law, what type of blood sample is used?
plasma
Natural anticoagulant in blood
heparin
they discovered the blood type AB (4th blood type to be discovered)
Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli
what is the 4th blood type to be discovered
AB
in what year is AB blood type discovered?
1902
Who suggested that the safety of
transfusion might be improved by crossmatching/
Ludvig Hektoen
crossmatching is also called as
compatibility testing
in what year do Ludvig Hektoen suggest that the safety of transfusion might be improved by crossmatching?
1907
French surgeon ____ devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.
Alexis Carrel
French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the ___ of the recipient directly to the ___ of the donor.
vein; artery
in what year do French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient
directly to the artery of the donor?
1908
the sewing of vein of the recipient to the artery of the donor (vein-to-artery or direct method) is known as ___
anastomosis
the anastomosis proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful ______,
organ transplantation
the anastomosis proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ transplantation, for which Carrel receives the Nobel Prize in ___.
1912
___ describes the AHG reaction (a direct way of visualizing an Ag-Ab reaction that has taken place but is not directly visible).
Moreschi
AHG test is also known as the ___
Coombs test
in what year do group A are divided into 2 subgroups.
1911
coomb’s test or the AHG test reaction is used to detect what antibodies?
unknown, incomplete, weakly reactive, unidentified antibodies
group A subgroups that are the check
cells for the reverse blood typing of a specific
blood type
A1 cells and A2 cells
the 2sbgroups of group A was introduced by ___
Von Dungern and Hirszfel
year when Edward E. Lindemann performed and first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.
1914
Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the ___
Lee-White clotting time
Test that measures the time of fibrin clot formation
Lee-White clotting time.
who studies clottingthat lead to the terms “universal donor” and “universal recipient”.
Roger Lee
packed RBCs type O rh negative
universal donor
packed RBCs type AB rh positive
universal recipient
was the first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion (vein to vein transfusion)
Edward E. Lindemann
year when Edward E. Lindemann performed and first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.
1913
Edward E. Lindemann was the first to succeed to perform blood transfusion on year 1913, what are the instrument used?
multiple syringes and a special cannula
Albert Hustin reported the use of ____ as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
sodium citrate
in what year do Albert Hustin reported the use of sodium citrate as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
1914
he determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.
Lewisohn
in what year do Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.
1915
explain why too much amount of citrate used as an anticoagulant can cause citrate cytotoxicity
upon transfusion, blood will attach to citrate and will result in decrease of ionized calcium leading to hypocalcemia
signs of hypocalcemia caused by citrate cytotoxicity
tingling sensation around the mouth
a year when Blood transfusion became more practical and safer for the patient
1915
the year when there’s Development of preservative solutions to enhance
the metabolism of the RBC.
1916
what will happen if the rbc structure is not maintained upon blood transfusion? what will it result into?
PCITR - physically/chemically induced transfusion reaction
Francis Rous and Turner introduced ____ for the preservation of blood.
citrate dextrose solution
year when the MNSs and P blood group system was discovered.
1927-1947
the year when the RBC membrane was better understood (metabolism,
deformability & permeability)
1930’s
The year when the first hospital-based blood depot is established
in a Leningrad hospital.
1932
director of therapeutics at the Cook
County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first
hospital blood bank in the US.
Bernard Fantus
when was the first hospital blood bank established in the US?
1937
In creating a hospital laboratory that can preserve and store donor blood, Fantus originates the term “___.”
blood bank
who created the word “blood bank”
Bernard Fantus,
when was the stimulation of blood preservation research because the demand for blood and plasma increased happened?
World War II (1939-1945)
During the world war II what is the possible component to control the bleeding
plasma
was appointed director of the first
American Red Cross Blood Bank at Presbyterian
Hospital
1941: Dr. Drew
The Rh blood group system is discovered by ___, ____, __, and _____ and is soon recognized as the cause of the majority of transfusion reactions.
Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson
a protein with powerful osmotic properties,
plus gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and become available for clinical use.
Albumin
Edwin Cohn, a professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School, develops ___,
cold ethanol fractionation
the process of breaking down plasma into components and products such as albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, antibody etc.
cold ethanol
____, a protein with powerful osmotic properties,plus gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and
become available for clinical use.
Albumin
develops the first blood container
(vacuum bottle/vacutainer tubes).
John Elliott
year when John Elliott develops the first blood container
(vacuum bottle/vacutainer tubes).
1940
the process of breaking down plasma
into components and products such as albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, antibody etc
cold ethanol fractionation
Loutit and Mollison of England introduced the
formula for the preservative _____
acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)
Loutit and Mollison of England introduced the
formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), on what year?
1943
____ is formed to promote common goals among blood banking practitioners and the blood donating
public.
The American Association of Blood Banks
(AABB)
____ of England introduced the
formula for the preservative acid phosphate dextrose
Loutit and Mollison
type of bag for the Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate,
cryoprecipitate and plasma
QUADRUPLE BAG
type of bag for the Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate and plasma.
TRIPLE BAG
The ____ is established on year 1943, providing
a centralized system for exchanging blood among
blood banks.
AABB Clearinghouse
year when Coombs, Mourant, and Race describe the use of
antihuman globulin (later known as the “Coombs
Test”) to identify “incomplete” or unknown antibodies
1945
___ describe the use of antihuman globulin (later known as the “Coombs
Test”) to identify “incomplete” or unknown antibodies.
Coombs, Mourant, and Race
Audrey Smith reports the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells
o Aside from glycerol, they also used __and ___ to prevent water loss and cell damage of
the RBCs
glucose and urea
year of Publication of the “Journal of Clinical
Investigation
1947
the handbook used on 1947 an used as a guidelines
journal of clinical investigation
The American Association of Blood Banks
(AABB) is now called as
association for the advancement of blood and biotherapies
Audrey Smith reports the use of _ for freezing red blood cells
glycerol cryoprotectant
The US blood collection system includes how many hospital blood banks, ____ community blood centers,
and ____ American Red Cross regional blood centers.
1,500; 46; 31
they introduce the plastic bag for blood collection (safe and easy
preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood)
Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr.
Designed for collection, storage and transfusion of
whole blood.
SINGLE BAG
type of bag for the Separation of whole blood into red cell and plasma.
DOUBLE BAG
commonly transfuse to those
patients who have coagulation disorder (Ex.
Hemophilia)
Cryoprecipitate
Today, the Clearinghouse is called _
the National Blood Exchange.
Development of the refrigerated centrifuge in what year further expedites blood component therapy?
1953
___ introduced an improved preservative
solution, which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD
Gibson
Gibson introduced an improved preservative
solution, ___, which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.
citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)
_____ deciphers the
molecular structure of hemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen and gives red blood cells their color.
Max Perutz of Cambridge University
year when the The AABB forms its committee on Inspection and Accreditation to monitor the implementation of standards for blood banking.
1957
In 1958, The AABB publishes its first edition of Standards for a Blood Transfusion Service (now titled _____).
Standards
for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services
In 1959, ____ of Cambridge University deciphers the
molecular structure of hemoglobin, the molecule that
transports oxygen and gives red blood cells their
color.
Max Perutz
thefirst American journal wholly devoted to the science
of blood banking and transfusion technology.
“transfusion” - 1960
____ report
the first therapeutic plasmapheresis procedure
A. Solomon and J.L. Fahey
a special collection technique wherein it deals with specific blood components
apheresis
2 application of apheresis
collection procedure and therapeutic procedure
therapeutic procedure of apheresis is also known as
therapeutic phlebotomy
in year 1961, The role of ____ in reducing mortality
from hemorrhage in cancer patients is recognized.
platelet concentrates
in 1962, The first_____concentrate
to treat coagulation disorders in hemophilia patients
is developed through fractionation.
antihemophilic factor (AHF)
in 1964,____ is introduced as a means of
collecting plasma for fractionation
Plasmapheresis
1965,
_____ report a
method for producing cryoprecipitated AHF for treatment of hemophilia and extend its shelf life.
Judith G. Pool and Angela E. Shannon
1967,
_____ is commercially introduced to
prevent Rh disease in the newborns of Rh-negative
women.
Rh immune globulin
The Rh disease in the newborns that is being talked about is the
HDN - hemolytic disease of a newborn
what is administered to the 2 types if HDN
RH HDN - rhogam
ABO HDN - intravenous imunnoglobulin
two types of HDN and which one is more severe
RH HDN and ABO HDN
RH HDN is the one that is much more severe
they demonstrate the
feasibility of storing Platelets at room temperature,
revolutionizing platelet transfusion therapy.
S. Murphy and F. Gardner
temp we store the platelets
only in room temperature
aside from platelet what is the other cell type we must store only in room temp
granulopheresis
storage condition of plTS
20-24 *Cwith continuous agitation
granulopheresis shelf life
24 hrs
year when the Blood banks move toward an all-volunteer blood
donor system.
1970
3 factors why we need to continuously agitate PLTS
- facilitate oxygen within the cells
- prevent PLTS aggregation
- maintains pH
the early serologic marker of hepatitis B infection
HbsAg - hepatities B surface antigen
shelf life of PLTS concentrate
5 days
year when Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing of
donated blood begins
1971
1972, ____is used to extract one cellular component,
returning the rest of the blood to the donor.
Apheresis
1979, A new anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, extends
the shelf life of whole blood and red blood cells to ______
days.
35
year of the growth of component therapy,
early 1980s
CPDA-1 means
citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1
First Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
case reported.
1981
year when Additive solutions extend the shelf life of red blood
cells
1983
Additive solutions extend the shelf life of red blood
cells to _____ days.
42
what are the 3 additive solutions of red blood cells that can extend the shelf life of 42 days
Adsol, nutricel, optisol
year when the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as
cause of AIDS
1984
year when The first blood-screening test to detect HIV is licensed
and quickly implemented by blood banks to protect
the blood supply.
1985
what are the Two tests that screen for indirect evidence of hepatitis
are developed and implemented
hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and the alanine aminotransferase test (ALT).
1989, ____testing of donated blood begins.
Human-T-Lymphotropic-Virus-I-antibody (anti-
HTLV-I)
year when the Introduction of first specific test for hepatitis C, the
major cause of “non-A, non-B” hepatitis.
1990
year when Testing of donor blood for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies
(anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2) is implemented
1992
HIV 1 and 2, which one is more severe
HIV 1 - worldwide is much more severe
HIV 2 - south africa
a test for recently infected HIV to know if the body can make antibodies to fight against HIV
HIV p24 antigen testing
a public health effort to
alert anyone who may have been exposed to the
hepatitis C virus (HCV) through blood transfusions
before July 1992 so they can receive medical
counseling and treatment if needed.
HCV lookback campaign
Blood community begins implementation of ____under the FDA’s
Investigational New Drug (IND) application process.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAT)
employs a testing technology that directly
detects the genetic materials of viruses like HCV and
HIV.
Nucleic
Acid Amplification Testing (NAT)
year, 2002, ____identified as transfusion
transmissible.
West Nile virus
is also one of the regulatory agencies that
check the requirements and criteria in blood
banking
Food and Drug Administration.
year of First-ever National Blood Foundation forum unites
leaders in blood banking and transfusion medicine
2003
bacteria we can identify in blood bag s
yersinia enterocolitica
2004, AABB receives_______ Million CDC grant to reduce transfusion-transmitted HIV in Africa and South America.
$2.4
FDA approves the first West Nile virus (WNV) blood test to screen donors of blood, organs, cells and tissues
2005
Are units of inheritance that encode for
certain traits or visible characteristics
Genes
linear arrangement of genes
Chromosomes
The phenotype is the physical
expression of inherited genes.
Phenotype
The set of alleles for a given trait carried
by an organism
Genotype
alleles are defined as alternative forms of a
gene. A portion within the chromosome that codes for the traits/genes
Alleles
specific location of genes within the
chromosomes
Locus (loci)
inherited on one of the 22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes
Autosomal
genes inherited on the sex
chromosomes (X chromosomes)
Sex linked
always inherited by the
offspring.
X chromosome
a gene that is when expressed whenever
the allele is present
Dominant
a gene that is not expressed even the
allele is present.
Recessive
a pair of genes in which neither is
dominant over the other.
Codominant
____ can only be expressed if
two identical genes are present
Silent gene/amorph/recessive
Two different genes that are
inherited at the same loci on a pair of chromosomes
(50% from the mother and 50% from the father)
Codominant
having two identical genes for a
given trait
Homozygous
having two unidentical genes for a
given trait
Heterozygous
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Australian monk and mathematician who used sweet pea plants growing in a monastery garden to study physical traits in organisms and how they are
inherited.
Gregor Mendel
He studied the inheritance of several readily
observable pea plant characteristics, notably flower
color, seed color, and seed shape and based his first
law of inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
2 law of gregor mendel
mendel’s law of independent segregation
mendel’s law of independent assortement
1st Generation is also called as
pure generation and parental generation
First-filial generation is also called as
(2nd generation)
Second-filial generation is also called as
3rd generation
which generation will give us the % of the dominant and recessive alleles
second-filial generation/ 3rd generation
States that “genes for different traits are inherited
separately from each other.”
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
Members of one gene pair separate from one another
independently of the member of other gene pairs.
This allows for all possible combinations of genes
to occur in the offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
The ____generation consists of plants whose
phenotype is the same as that of the dominant
parent.
F1
The interpretation of pedigree analysis requires the
understanding of various standard conventions in the
representation of data figures.
Inheritance Patterns
in pedigree analysis, Males are always represented by ___and
females by ____.
squares ; circles
in pedigree analysis, A line joining a male and female indicates a ___ between the two, and
mating
in pedigree analysis, offspring are indicated by a ____.
vertical line
in inheritance pattern in pedigree analysis, A double line between a male and female indicates a
consanguineous mating.
A stillbirth or abortion is indicated by a ___
small black circle.
Deceased family members have a ____
line crossed
through them.
The ___in the pedigree is indicated by an
arrow pointing to it and indicates the most
interesting or important member of the pedigree.
propositus
“____” refers to traits that are not carried on the
sex chromosomes.
Autosomal
A recessive trait is carried by either parent or both
parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic
level unless both parents carry the trait.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
All the members of a family that carry the allele show
the physical characteristic.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Generally, each individual with the trait has at least
one parent with the trait
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Unlike X-linked traits, autosomal traits usually do not
show a difference in the distribution between males
and females, and this can be a helpful clue in their
evaluation.
true or false
true
The father always expresses the trait but never passes it on to his sons.
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
The father always expresses the trait but never
passes it on to his sons.
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
The father always passes the trait to all his daughters,
who are then carriers of the trait.
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
Father always passes his Y chromosome to his son
and X chromosome to his daughter
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
The ____ is one of the few blood
group systems that follow an X-linked inheritance
pattern
Xga blood group system
If the father carries the trait on his X chromosome, he
has no sons with the trait, but all his daughters will
have the trait.
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
