LEC1 - INTRO TO IMMUNOHEMA Flashcards
Immunohematology is commonly known as
blood banking
is a branch
of HEMATOLOGY which studies ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate
to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of
blood disorders.
Immunohematology/blood banking
a study of Transfusion reactions that will lead to pathogenesis of some blood disorders
blood banking/immunohematology
Preparation of blood and blood components for transfusion as well as selection of appropriate, compatible components for transfusion.
Immunohematology
what is the main objective of immunohema
Main objective is to have a SAFE TRANSFUSION PRACTICES among the donor and the receiver
Immunohematology is a Study of antibody production by the host when exposed to ___.
foreign antigens
Blood Banking refers to the process of ___ blood and the distribution of RBCs and
blood components.
collecting, storing, and processing
how many percent is the limit of error in blood banking
0% error
blood banking processes Proper distribution to avoid having ___ blood
components and to ensure that blood
components are always available in the lab
expired
branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion
of blood and blood components.
Transfusion medicine
Transfusion medicine is also known as
transfusiology
year when the first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history
1492
who’s pope received blood from three different individual?
Pope Innocent VII
____ during year 1492 what was the principal obstacle to overcome
Clotting
year 1492, why Clotting was the principal obstacle to overcome
Because there are no preservatives for a specific blood product during that time
in what year does an English surgeon discovered antiseptics to prevent infection during transfusion?
1867
In year 1867, English surgeon named ____ uses antiseptics to
control infection during transfusions.
Joseph Lister
In blood banking, before the donor bleeding, application of ______ must be done after alcohol.
povidone-iodine
application of povidone-iodine after alcohol is is done to avoid bacterial contamination in
blood products since this can lead to ____ when transfused.
sepsis
in what year do we able to find a non-toxic anticoagulant - the first anticoagulant
1869
who recommends sodium phosphate
Braxton Hicks
a physician ob-gynecologist that created the sodium phosphate - a first anticoagulant created
braxton hicks
Braxton Hicks recommends sodium phosphate in what year?
1869
what is the first anticoagulant created
sodium phosphate
year when the first example of blood preservation research has taken place
1869
year when US physicians transfuse milk (from cows, goats, and humans).
1873-1880
the most significant year in BB
1901
who discovered the ABO Blood Group
system
Karl Landsteiner
in what year do Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO Blood Group system
1901
He explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions. His work in the beginning of the 20th century won a Nobel
Prize.
Karl Landsteiner,1901
Landsteiner’s Law
If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on red blood
cell membrane, the corresponding agglutinin
(antibody) must be absent in the plasma.
true or false
shrue
Landsteiner’s Law
If an agglutinogen is absent on the red blood cell
membrane, then corresponding agglutinin must be
present in the plasma.
true or false
true
In Landsteiner’s Law, what type of blood sample is used?
plasma
Natural anticoagulant in blood
heparin
they discovered the blood type AB (4th blood type to be discovered)
Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli
what is the 4th blood type to be discovered
AB
in what year is AB blood type discovered?
1902
Who suggested that the safety of
transfusion might be improved by crossmatching/
Ludvig Hektoen
crossmatching is also called as
compatibility testing
in what year do Ludvig Hektoen suggest that the safety of transfusion might be improved by crossmatching?
1907
French surgeon ____ devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.
Alexis Carrel
French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the ___ of the recipient directly to the ___ of the donor.
vein; artery
in what year do French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient
directly to the artery of the donor?
1908
the sewing of vein of the recipient to the artery of the donor (vein-to-artery or direct method) is known as ___
anastomosis
the anastomosis proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful ______,
organ transplantation
the anastomosis proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ transplantation, for which Carrel receives the Nobel Prize in ___.
1912
___ describes the AHG reaction (a direct way of visualizing an Ag-Ab reaction that has taken place but is not directly visible).
Moreschi
AHG test is also known as the ___
Coombs test
in what year do group A are divided into 2 subgroups.
1911
coomb’s test or the AHG test reaction is used to detect what antibodies?
unknown, incomplete, weakly reactive, unidentified antibodies
group A subgroups that are the check
cells for the reverse blood typing of a specific
blood type
A1 cells and A2 cells
the 2sbgroups of group A was introduced by ___
Von Dungern and Hirszfel
year when Edward E. Lindemann performed and first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.
1914
Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the ___
Lee-White clotting time
Test that measures the time of fibrin clot formation
Lee-White clotting time.
who studies clottingthat lead to the terms “universal donor” and “universal recipient”.
Roger Lee
packed RBCs type O rh negative
universal donor
packed RBCs type AB rh positive
universal recipient
was the first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion (vein to vein transfusion)
Edward E. Lindemann
year when Edward E. Lindemann performed and first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.
1913
Edward E. Lindemann was the first to succeed to perform blood transfusion on year 1913, what are the instrument used?
multiple syringes and a special cannula
Albert Hustin reported the use of ____ as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
sodium citrate
in what year do Albert Hustin reported the use of sodium citrate as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
1914
he determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.
Lewisohn
in what year do Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.
1915
explain why too much amount of citrate used as an anticoagulant can cause citrate cytotoxicity
upon transfusion, blood will attach to citrate and will result in decrease of ionized calcium leading to hypocalcemia
signs of hypocalcemia caused by citrate cytotoxicity
tingling sensation around the mouth
a year when Blood transfusion became more practical and safer for the patient
1915
the year when there’s Development of preservative solutions to enhance
the metabolism of the RBC.
1916
what will happen if the rbc structure is not maintained upon blood transfusion? what will it result into?
PCITR - physically/chemically induced transfusion reaction
Francis Rous and Turner introduced ____ for the preservation of blood.
citrate dextrose solution
year when the MNSs and P blood group system was discovered.
1927-1947
the year when the RBC membrane was better understood (metabolism,
deformability & permeability)
1930’s
The year when the first hospital-based blood depot is established
in a Leningrad hospital.
1932
director of therapeutics at the Cook
County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first
hospital blood bank in the US.
Bernard Fantus
when was the first hospital blood bank established in the US?
1937
In creating a hospital laboratory that can preserve and store donor blood, Fantus originates the term “___.”
blood bank
who created the word “blood bank”
Bernard Fantus,
when was the stimulation of blood preservation research because the demand for blood and plasma increased happened?
World War II (1939-1945)
During the world war II what is the possible component to control the bleeding
plasma
was appointed director of the first
American Red Cross Blood Bank at Presbyterian
Hospital
1941: Dr. Drew
The Rh blood group system is discovered by ___, ____, __, and _____ and is soon recognized as the cause of the majority of transfusion reactions.
Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson
a protein with powerful osmotic properties,
plus gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and become available for clinical use.
Albumin
Edwin Cohn, a professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School, develops ___,
cold ethanol fractionation
