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Pathology II > LEC 9 - Ears > Flashcards

LEC 9 - Ears Flashcards

1
Q

What are the commensal bacteria found in the external ear?

A

Bacillus

Corynebacterium

E. Coli

Strep/Staph

Malassezia

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2
Q

What is the mucocillary apparatus?

A

Combination of goblet cells and ciliated columnar epithelail cells

Found in middle ear

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3
Q

What is the acoustic reflex?

A

Contraction of the tensor tympani + stepdius muscle in response loud/injurious noise

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4
Q

Term: Auricular agenesis

A

Defect at embryological development

No ears

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5
Q

What are two causes of atresia of external acoustic meatus?

A

Congenital

– or –

Trauma

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6
Q

Term: Altricial

A

Animals that are helpless at birth

Puppies + Kittens

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7
Q

Term: Precocial

A

Active shortly after birth

Meatus open at birth

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8
Q

In what animals is auricular hypoplasia normal?

A

La Mancha goat breed

– and –

Scottish fold cats

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9
Q

What are the primary causes of otitis externa?

A

Ectoparasites

Keratinization defects

Foreign bodies

Hypersensitivity reactions

Systemic immune mediated disorders

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10
Q

What are the most common primary causes of otitis externa in dogs?

A

Atopic dermatitis

Adverese food reactions

Ectoparasites

Foreign bodies

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11
Q

What are the gross findings with otitis externa?

A

Exberant discharge

Hemorrhage

Skin that is red, warm, and edematous

Hyperpigmentation in chronic cases

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12
Q

What are the histological findings with otitis externa?

A

Edema

Influx of inflammatory cells

Hyperplasia of epidermia

Hyperkeratosis/crusts +/- fibrosis

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13
Q

What is the common cause of infarcation of the external ear in pigs?

A

Septicemic Salmonaellosis

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14
Q

What is the common cause of infarcation of the external ear in cats?

A

FIP

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15
Q

What is the common cause of infarcation of the external ear in dogs?

A

German Shephard

w/ familial vasculopathy

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16
Q

What types of toxins can lead to infarction of the outter ear?

A

Cause vasoconstriction + vascular compromise

Ie. Alkaloids

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17
Q

What is the gross description for an aural hematoma?

A

Swollen

Warm

Hyperemic

Heavy ears that tend to drop

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18
Q

What occurs with in frostbite along with the infarction?

A

Dry gangrene

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19
Q

What is contained within an ear that has an aural hematoma?

A

Blood and fibrin

Strands of eosinophilic fibrin strands

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20
Q

What are the four main ear mite types?

A

Otodectes cyanotis

Notoedres cati

Raillietina ssp.

Psoroptes cuniculi

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21
Q

What animals does otodectes cyanotis tend to infect?

A

Wild cats

Dogs

Occasionally ruminants

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22
Q

What do otodectes cyantosis do?

A

Non-burrowing

Feed on cermimen + keratin + lipids

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23
Q

What is grossly present with otodectes cyanotis?

A

A lot of cerumen production

Dark brown waxy material that obstructs ear canal

Auricles can be alopecic + scratch wounds

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24
Q

What animal does notoedres cati tend to infect?

A

Cat

but also dogs, foxes, and rabbits

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25
Q

Where is Notoedres Cati resticted to on the body?

A

Head + Face + Neck + Shoulders

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26
Q

How does notoedres cati infect the host?

A

Burrows into the stratum corneum

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27
Q

What is grossly apparent when notoedres is present?

A

Alopecic

Thick crusting

Excoriation of rostral pinna

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28
Q

What animals does raillietina species tend to infect?

A

Cattle + Buffalo + Goats

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29
Q

How do Raillietina tend to infect their host?

A

resides deep in external acoustic meatus

Just next to tympanic membrane

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30
Q

What is grossly seen with a raillietina ssp.?

A

Thick plug of cerumen + debris

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31
Q

Where does psoroptes cuniculi tend to live on the body?

A

Skin

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32
Q

What animals does Psoroptes Cuniculi tend to infecT?

A

Sheep

Goat

Deer

Horses

Donkeys

Mules

Antelopes

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33
Q

What are the two important tick speices?

A

Rhipicephalus spp.

– and –

Gulf coast ear tick

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34
Q

What breed of cattle does rhipicephalus tend to infect?

A

Bos tarus

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35
Q

How does rhipicephalus cause there to be “cement” in the external auricle?

A

Secrete proteins in their saliva

Reacts with host enzymes

= hard feeding cone

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36
Q

What animals does the gulf coast ear tick most commonly infest?

A

Cattle

Sheep

Horse

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37
Q

What is the gulf coast tick a vector for?

A

Cowdria ruminatium

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38
Q

What disease does Cowdria ruminatium cause?

A

Heartwater disease

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39
Q

What is the causative agent for dermatophiosis?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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40
Q

What is important to remember when dealing with dermatophilus congolensis?

A

It is Zoonotic

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41
Q

What parts of the body does dermatophilus congolensis infect?

A

Skin/Mucosa of the Nose

Commissures of the Lips

Distal/Proximal limbs/ears

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42
Q

How is dermatophilius conogolensis transmitted?

A

Dam to feeding offspring

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43
Q

How does colonization of dermatophilus occur?

A

Flagellated zoospores penetrate the epidermis

Reach basement membrane

Transform into filamentous morphology

44
Q

What causes the crusty appearance of an animal infected with dermatophilus congolensis?

A

Cycle of bacterial growth + inflammation + epidermal regeneration

= Multilaminated pustular crust

45
Q

What is the gross description of the lesion caused by dermatophilus congolensis?

A

Crusting + Exudative dermatitis

46
Q

What are the most common neoplasms in the ear of a dog?

A

Sebaceous gland tumor

Histiocytomas

Plasmacytomas

Mast cell tumors

47
Q

What are the most common neoplasms of the cats ear?

A

Basal cell tumors

Vascular tumors

Squamous cell carcinomas

48
Q

What two common neoplasms of the ear are seen in both dogs and cats?

A

Ceruminous gland adenomas

– and –

Adenocarcinomas

49
Q

What is the appearance of adenomas in the ear?

A

multiple + small + pendunculated irregular firm masses

50
Q

What is the gross appearance of adenocarcinomas?

A

Locally invasice and expansile with tendency metastasize

51
Q

What animal are adenocarcinomas most commonly seen?

A

Old, male cats

52
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas tend to metastizise to?

A

Regional lymph nodes

Lungs

Systemic viscera

53
Q

What kind of disease is pinnal alopecia in cattle? What type of cattle?

A

Congenital disease

Polled hereford breed

54
Q

What type of disease is pinnal alopecia in cats/dogs? What breeds are affected?

A

Acquired

Dogs: Dachshunds

Cats: Siamese

55
Q

What is the histological appearance of ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma?

A

Haphazardly arranged + formed tubules/acini

Evidence of anaplastic/mitotically active cells

56
Q

Who does primary ciliary dyskinesia tend to affect?

A

Dogs

< 1 years of age

57
Q

What clincal symptoms are seen in dogs with primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Persistant cough

Nasal discharge

With a history of recurrent respiratory disease

58
Q

What are the three possible reasons for primary ciliary dyskinesia to occur in dogs?

A

Dynein arm deficiency

Abnormal microtubular patterns

Random orientation of microtubules

59
Q

What is seen grossly with primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Mucopurulent exudate

– or –

Sterile gelatinous material

Filling the tympanic cavity

60
Q

What are the causative agents for otitis media in pigs?

A

Pasturella multocida

trueperella pyogenes

Mycoplasma hyorhinis

61
Q

What are the causative agents in cows with otitis media?

A

Pasurella multocida

trueperella pyogenes

Mycoplasma bovis

Histophilus somni

Streptococcus

62
Q

What is otitis media commonly a result of?

A

Nasopharyngeal ascending infections

63
Q

What is seen grossly in animals with otitis media?

A

Unilateral/bilateral

Bulla filled with fibrinopurulent to caseous exudate

64
Q

What can be seen grossly in chronic cases of otitis media?

A

Mucosa becomes thickened

Stenotic due to fibrosis

65
Q

What is the causative agents for otitis media in cats?

A

E. Coli

Enterobacter/Enterococcus

Strep/Staph

Proteus

Clostridium

66
Q

What is seen grossly in a cat with otitis media?

A

Bulla filled with fluid

67
Q

What are the predisposing factors for cats to develope nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

Chronic infections

Otitis media

Ascending middle ear infections

Congenital defects

68
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a cat with a nasopharyngeal polyp?

A

Nasal, otic, or ocular discharge

Sneezing

Dyspnea

Stridor

Voice change

Head tilt

69
Q

What can be seen clinically with cats that have severe nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

Cyanosis

– and –

Syncope

70
Q

What is seen grossly in cats with nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

Pedunculated to polypoid growths

Smooth surface

Protrude through auditory tube into nasopharynx

71
Q

What type of mass is nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

Non-neoplastic

Inflammatory

72
Q

What is seen in histology of a nasopharyngeal polyp?

A

Fibrovascular core

with:

Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

Macrophages

Covered by epithelium

73
Q

What can otitis interna result in?

A

meningitis

Ventriculitis

Encephalitis

74
Q

What causes vestibular disease?

A

Injury to any portion of the vestibular system

75
Q

What are the clincal signs of vestibular disease of the inner ear?

A

Head tilt

Ataxia

76
Q

What are the two locations of vestibular disease?

A

Peripheral

Central

77
Q

Where is the lesion in peripheral cases of vestibular disease?

A

internal ear receptors

vestibular ganglia

peripheral axons of VIII CN

78
Q

Where is the location of the lesion in central vestibular disease?

A

Vestibular nuclei of medulla

Vestibular projection of the brain stem

Cerebellum or spinal cord

79
Q

What are the four classifications of vestibular disease?

A

Congenital

Concurrent otitis

Idiopathic

Aural/Intracranial neoplasias

80
Q

Why is it hard to diagnose congenitcal VD?

A

No gross or histological lesions

81
Q

What dog breeds tend to have congenital VD?

A

Dobermans

German Shepards

Cocker spaniels

Beagles

Akitas

82
Q

What cat breeds tend to have congenital VD?

A

Siamese

Tonkinese

Burmese

83
Q

What are the causes of concurrent otitis media/interna that lead to VD?

A

Canine distemper

FIP

Erlichiosis

Toxoplasmosis

Neoporosis

Mycosis

84
Q

Whats the most common cause of idiopathic VD in dogs?

A

Age

85
Q

Where do neoplasias tend to come from that cause VD? What are they?

A

Neurofibromas or Schwannomas

From vestibulocochlear nerve

86
Q

Term: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

A

Bony proliferative disease of temporohyoid articulation

87
Q

What are two possible causes of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

Infectious agents

– or –

Premature DJD of the joint

88
Q

What animals tend to get aural plaques?

A

Horse

> 1 year old

89
Q

What are aural plaques thought to be caused by?

A

Papilloma virus

90
Q

What is the gross appearance of aural plaques?

A

Raised

Well demarcated, hypopigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques

91
Q

What do biting flies tend to cause on the external aural?

A

Stephanofilaria otitis

aka ear sore

92
Q

What do biting flies tend to spread that cause ear sores?

A

S. zaheeeri

93
Q

What is the gross appearance of ear sores?

A

Congestion to hemorrhaging

Severe crusting

Chronic = Alopecia + depigmentation

94
Q

What type of ear related neoplasia do angora goats get?

A

Aural melanomas

95
Q

What is thought to be the cause of aural melanomas?

A

UV light induction

96
Q

What is the gross appearance of aural melanoma?

A

Single or black nodules

Superfical or Subcutaneous

97
Q

What causes aural chewing in pigs?

A

Intese confinement

– and –

Docking tails

98
Q

Where in the ear does cholestrol granulomas tend to occur in dogs?

A

Middle ear

99
Q

What are the predisposing factors that can cause cholesterol granulomas in dogs?

A

Hemorrhage

Impaired auditory tube drainage

Dimished/Obstructed ventilation of middle ear

100
Q

What is the gross appearance of cholesterol granulomas in dogs?

A

Benign

Expansile masses with concurrent otitis

101
Q

Where is aural cholesteatoma found most in?

A

Middle ear

Middle-aged to Old dogs

102
Q

What are aural cholesteatoma?

A

Beign cysts which can be locally destructive

103
Q

What is most likely the cause of aural cholesteatoma?

A

Otitis externa/media

Leading to negative pressure

Leading to abnormalities in the tympanic membrane

Forms a cysts lined by cornifying stratified squamous epithelium

104
Q

What is the gross appearance of proliferative, necrotizing otitis extrena in a cat?

A

Large, well demarcated erythematous plaques

Appear on concave auricular surface

Covered by thick, tan/brown keratinous debris

105
Q

What are the histological features of proliferative, necrotizing otitis externa?

A

Superficial ecanthosis extending into follicles

Neutrophilic luminal folliculitis

Follicular hyperkeratosis

Necrotic keratinocytes on hair follicles

106
Q

What are feline ceruminous cystomatosis?

A

benign, cystic, non-neoplastic proliferations of ceruminous glands on medial surface of auricle

Extend into external acoustic meatus

107
Q

What is the gross appearance of feline ceruminous cystomatosis?

A

Glands are markedly dilated

Filled with brown, ceruminous secretions

Pathology II (20 decks)

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