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Pathology II > LEC 5, 6 - Skeletal Muscle I/II > Flashcards

LEC 5, 6 - Skeletal Muscle I/II Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles made of? Describe.

A

Myofibers

Long, multinucleated cells

Little to no regenerative capacity

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2
Q

Describe: Type 1 muscle

A

Rich in mitochondria

High oxidative metabolism

Slow contracting/fatiguing

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3
Q

Describe: Type 2A

A

Mixed oxidative/glycolytic metabolism

Fast contracting

Slow fatiguing

Quick, short contractions

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4
Q

Describe: Type 2B

A

Glycolytic metabolism

Fast contracting/Fatiguing

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5
Q

Describe: Type 2c

A

Regernating fibers

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6
Q

Describe: Stellate cells

A

Run along length of myofibers

Full capacity of division + fusion

Restore - mature myofibers

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7
Q

What are the two classifications of changes in myofibers?

A

Neuropathic

Myopathic

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8
Q

What are neuropathic changes to myofibers?

A

Effect or absence of nerve supply

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9
Q

What are myopathic changes in myofibers?

A

Primary changes within muscle cells/fibers

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10
Q

What is involved in nueromusclar disease?

A

Lower motor neurons

Peripheral nerves

Neuromusclar junctions and muscles

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11
Q

What are clinicopathologic findings to suggest that there is damage to the muscle?

A

Creatine kinase elevation

AST + LDH elevation

Carbonic anhydrase III + FABP

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12
Q

Possible cause for pallor

A

Necrosis

Denervation

Anemia

Young animals

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13
Q

Possible cause for pale streaking

A

Necrosis

Mineralization

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14
Q

Possible cause for dark red mottling

A

Congestion

Hemorrhagic necrosis

Inflammation

Myoglobin staining

Hypostatic congstion

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15
Q

Possible cause for green color to muscles

A

Eosinophilic inflammation

Putrefaction

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16
Q

Possible cause for lipofuscin

A

Old animals

Especially cattle

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17
Q

Possible cause for black

A

melanosis

melanoma

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18
Q

Possible cause for thickened/firm muscle texture

A

Mineralization

Calcification

Fibrosis

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19
Q

Possible cause for soft texture to muscles

A

Fat infiltration or necrosis

Autolysis

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20
Q

How do you collect muscle samples?

A

Collect strip not larger than 1 cm

Myofibers running length wise

Place sample on rigid surface to avoid contraction band artifact

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21
Q

What are degenerative muscle disease?

A

Myopathies resulting in segmental or global necrosis in which inflammatory cells are not the cause of damage

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22
Q

What are the possible causes of degenerative muscle disease?

A

Ischemia

Nutritional deficiencies

Toxic myopathies

Extertional myopathies

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23
Q

What can cause ischemia that leads to degerneation of the muscle?

A

Occulusion of a major blood vessel

External pressure on a muscle

Swelling of a muscle in a nonexpendable compartment

Vasculitis

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24
Q

What is an example of ischemic necrosis in cattle?

A

Downer cow syndrome

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25
Q

What animal most commonly sees muscle degeneration due to nutritional defiecencies?

A

Livestock

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26
Q

What nutritional deficiencies cause muscle degeneration?

A

Vitamin E

Selenium

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27
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

trace mineral vital of glutathione peroxidase system

Protects from oxidative injurt

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28
Q

What disease does selenium deficiency cause?

A

White muscle disease

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29
Q

What are the three major toxins that cause muscle degeneration?

A

Ionophores

Plants

Pasture-associated myopathy

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30
Q

Who is affected by pasture-associated myopathy?

A

Horses

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31
Q

What are the ionophores that can cause muscle degeneration?

A

Monensin

Narasin

etc.

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32
Q

What are examples of plants that cause muscle degeneration?

A

Cassia occidentalis

Gossypol

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33
Q

What predisposes an animal to exertional myopathies?

A

Vit E/Selenium deficency

Muscular dystrophy

Glycogen storage disease

Severe electrolyte depletion

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34
Q

What are examples of extertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Black-water

Monday morning sickness

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35
Q

What are the three classes of congenital defects that lead to musclar degeneration?

A

Anatomic defects

Muscular dystrophy

Myotonia

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36
Q

Describe: Muscular dystrophy

A

Inherited, progressive, degenerative primary disease of myofibers

Ongoing necrosis + regeneration

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37
Q

What is a disease of muscular dystrophy in cats and dogs? What is affected?

A

Duchennes’s muscular dystrophy

Dystrophin gene

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38
Q

Describe: Myotonia

A

aka Channelopathies

Inability of myofibers to relax

= spasmodic contractions

Most due to abnormal ion channel formation

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39
Q

What are the three types of anatomical defects that lead to musclar degeneration?

A

Innervation

Genetic

Failure of normal development

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40
Q

What is an example of genetic defect in cattle and dogs that cuase muscular degeneration?

A

Double muscling

aka congenital muscular hyperplasia

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41
Q

How does malignant hyperthermia occur?

A

Unregulated release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Leads to excessive contraction = heat

Increased body temperature is the result

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42
Q

What animals are affected by malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dogs + Horses + Pigs

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43
Q

What is the defect in exactly that causes malignant hyperthermia?

A

Ryanodine receptor

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44
Q

What can trigger a maligant hyperthermia episode?

A

General anesthetic

Stress - porcine stress syndrome

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45
Q

What characterizes a metabolic myopathy?

A

Reduced muscle cell energy production

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46
Q

Describe: Type II Glycogenoses

A

Acid maltase deficiency

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47
Q

Describe: Type IV glycogenoses

A

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

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48
Q

Describe: Type V glycogenoses

A

Myophosphorylase deficency

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49
Q

Describe: Type VII glycogenoses

A

Phosphofructokinase deficiency

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50
Q

What occurs with most endocrine myopathies?

A

Result in muscle atrophy

Mostly in type 2 fibers

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51
Q

What happens in dogs with hypercortisolism?

A

Hypertrophy

Pseudomyotonia

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52
Q

What electrolyte imbalances can cause muscle weakness?

A

Hypocalcemia

Hypokalemia

Hypophosphatemia

Hypernatremia

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53
Q

Describe: Neuromuscular junction disorders

A

Impair the ability nerves impulses across the neuromuscular juncton

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54
Q

What are the three most common neuromuscular junction disorders?

A

Myastenia gravis

Botulism

Tick paralysis

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55
Q

What is the tick responsible for tick paralysis?

A

Dermacentor

Ixodes

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56
Q

How does tick paralysis occur?

A

Toxin from tick block the release of acetylcholine from axon terminal

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57
Q

What animal is most commonly infected by tick paralysis?

A

Dogs

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58
Q

how is recovery initiated in regards to tick paralysis?

A

Removal of the tick

Rapid

24 to 48 hours

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59
Q

What bacteria is responsible for botulism?

A

Clostridium botulism

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60
Q

Where is clostridium found?

A

GI tract

soil

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61
Q

What is botulism characterized by?

A

Profound flaccid paralysis

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62
Q

What is the mechanism by which the botulism toxin causes paralysis?

A

Cleavage of proteins in charge of release of acetylcholine from presynaptic vesciles

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63
Q

What type of botulism toxin are dogs most sensitive to?

A

type C

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64
Q

What type of botulism toxin are cattle most sensitive to?

A

Type C + D

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65
Q

What type of botulism toxins are horses most sensitive to?

A

Type B + C

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66
Q

What animal is most sensitive to botulism overall?

A

Horses

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67
Q

How does the acquired form of myasthenia gravis occur?

A

Immune-mediated disorder caused via circulated autoantibodies against skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor

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68
Q

What is the acquired form of myasthenia gravis associated with?

A

Thymic abnormalities

Secondary loss of self-tolerance to acetylcholine receptors

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69
Q

How is the acquired form of myasthenia gravis diagnosed?

A

Detection of autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the blood

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70
Q

How does the congenital form of myasthenia gravis occur?

A

Dogs and Cats

Born with defective NMJ that decrease membrane surface area as a result of reduced actylcholine receptor density

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71
Q

What are the signs of myasthenia gravis?

A

Profound, sustained and progressive muscle weakness

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72
Q

What are the primary neoplasms of the muscle?

A

Rhabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Fibromas/sarcomas

Hemangiomas/sarcomas

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73
Q

What does rhabdomyoma/sarcoma arise from?

A

Intramuscular pluripotential cells

Dogs + horses + Cats

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74
Q

Describe: Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign

Smooth, nodular, pink, unencapsulated

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75
Q

Where are rhabdomyomas most commonly occur?

A

Larynx of adult dogs

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76
Q

Where are rhabdomyosarcomas most commonly found?

A

Neck

Oral Cavity - Tongue

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77
Q

What do rhabdomyosarcomas look like grossly?

A

Grossly pink and fleshy, often have prominent local invasion

Malignant

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78
Q

Where do hemangiosarcomas most commonly metastasize to?

A

Lungs

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79
Q

What animals are hemangiosarcomas most commonly found in?

A

Horses

Dog

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80
Q

What is seen with clostridial myositis in horses?

A

Malignant edema

Gas gangrene

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81
Q

What are the clostridium species that infect horses causing clostridial myositis?

A

Septicum

Perfringens

Chauvoei

Novyi

Fallax

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82
Q

How does clostridium infect the muscles of a horse?

A

Penetrating wounds

Blood stream

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83
Q

What does clostridium do in anaerobic condition?

A

Bacteria proliferate

Produce toxins

Result in:

Hemorrhage

Edema

Necrosis

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84
Q

What are the clinical signs of clostridial myositis?

A

Acute onset of heat, swelling and pain

Fever, depression, anorexia, and dehydration

Mild to Moderate increase in CK + AST

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85
Q

What does the muscle look like grossly when infected with clostridial myositis?

A

Swollen, edematous, and hemorrhagic

Dark red to pale areas

Suppurative exudate

Gas bubbles

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86
Q

What are the clinical signs of botulism?

A

Flaccid paralysis

Dysphagia

Tongue + Eyelid weakness

CK and AST are WNL

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87
Q

What is seen either grossly or histologically with botulism?

A

No findings

Aspiration pneumonia can occur

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88
Q

What is used to diagnose animal with botulism?

A

Detection of toxin in stomach contents

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89
Q

What bateria is responsible for piegon fever?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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90
Q

What are the clinical signs of piegon fever?

A

Multifocal intramusclar abscesses

Pectoral muscle most commonly infected

Common fever

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91
Q

What is seen grossly with pigeon fever?

A

Swelling + Edema

Localized areas of suppurative exudate accumulation

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92
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pigeon fever?

A

Enter the body through wounds

Bacterial exotoxin (phospholipase D)

Leads to vascular damage + Inhibits neutrophil function

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93
Q

What are the two degenerative myopathies associated with streptococcus equi equi infections?

A

Purpura hemorrhagica

Rhabdomyloysis + muscle atrophy

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94
Q

What is seen histologically with purpura hemorrhagica?

A

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis

Fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels

95
Q

What is the gross appearance of purpura hemorrhagica?

A

Multiple muscles

Disscecting hemorrhage + edema

No gas bubbles

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of purpura hemorrhagica?

A

Depression

Fever

Petechial +/- ecchymoses

Anemia

Myoglobinuria

Very High CK + AST

97
Q

What is the pathogenesis of purpura hemorrhagica?

A

Immune response to bacteria

Immune complexes form (IgA + Antigen)

Deposit in small blood vessels

Vasculitis –> vascular necrosis > hemorrhage > ischemia

98
Q

What is the gross appearance of streptococcal-associated rhabdomyosis?

A

Decrease in muscle mass

99
Q

What are the clinical signs of streptococcal-associated rhabdomyolysis + muscle atrophy?

A

Atrophy along paraspinal + gluteal muscles

High elevations of CK + AST

No purpura hemorrhagica seen

100
Q

What is the pathogenesis of streptococcal-associated rhabdomyolysis?

A

Predisposed to immune-mediated damage caused by cross-reaction of streptococcal antibodies with muscle proteins

101
Q

What animals are most likely to get streptococcal-associated rhabdomyolysis?

A

Young animals

Quarter horses

102
Q

What is the cause of protozoal myopathy?

A

Sarcocystis

Most commonly Fayeri

103
Q

What is seen histologically with protozoal myopahty?

A

Cysts within myofibers

No inflammatory reaction generated

104
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nutritional myopathy?

A

Lack of elements enhance oxidative injury of actively contracting muscle fibers

105
Q

What is the gross appearance of nutritional myopathy?

A

Depends on stage of necrosis

106
Q

What are the clinical signs of nutritional myopathy?

A

Weak suckling or impaired mastication

Chronic =

Bilateral symmetrical atrophy of masseter musccles

Mild to moderate increase in CK + AST

107
Q

What is the pathogenesis behind ionophore toxicity?

A

Results in calicum overload

Leads to necrosis of skeletal + cardiac muscle cells

108
Q

Describe: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

A

Myotonic disorder

Autosomal dominant

Point mutation in gene encoding for alpha unit of skeletal muscle sodium channel

109
Q

What are the gross findings in HYPP?

110
Q

What is seen histologically in HYPP cases?

A

Vacular degeneration of type 2 myofibers

111
Q

What are the clinical signs of HYPP?

A

Transient muscle spasms

Protrustion of third eyelid

Gerenalized flaccid paralysis

CK + AST normal

112
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HYPP?

A

Delayed inactivation of sodium channel acitivity

Leads to membrane instability + continous electrical activity

113
Q

Describe: Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy

A

Autosomal dominant trait

Point mutation in skeletal muscle glycogen synthase 1 gene

(GYS1)

114
Q

What horses are most affected by EPSSm?

A

Quarter horse

Warm blood

Arabian

Morgan

Pony of Americas

115
Q

What are the clinical signs of EPSSM?

A

Stiff gait

Symmetric muscle atrophy

Back soreness

Muscle cramping

CK + AST normal

116
Q

What is seen histologically with EPSSM?

A

Aggregates of intracytoplasmic material

Stains postive with PAS reaction for glycogen

117
Q

What is seen grossly with EPSSM?

A

Affected muscles are pale pink or diffusely red tinged

118
Q

What is the pathogensis of EPSSM?

A

Accumulation of glycogen within myofibers

Leads to insuffiecent energy prodcution + abnormal myofiber function

119
Q

Describe: Glycogen brancher enzyme deficiency

A

Autosomal recessive

Accumulation of unbranched chains of glycose occur wtihin the cell

Leads to abnormal glycogen formation + intramyofiber deposits

120
Q

What are the gross findings with GBE def?

121
Q

What are the clinical signs of GBE def?

A

Foals may be aborted, stillborn, or weak

Contracted tendons

Rhabdomyosis or cardiac failure early in life

122
Q

What is seen histologically with GBE def?

A

Hyaline inclusions within skeletal and cardiac muscle

RESISTANT TO AMYLASE DIGESTION

Positive stain with PAS

123
Q

What is the cause of monday morning sicknees?

A

Unknown

Associated with:

Nutritional myopathy

EPSSM

Hypothyroidism

124
Q

What is seen grossly with monday morning sickness?

A

Similar to EPSSM

125
Q

What is seen histologically with monday morning sickness?

A

Localized widespread type 2 myofiber necrosis

Macrophage infiltration/regeneration

126
Q

What are the clinical signs of monday morning sickness?

A

Sudden onset of stiff gait

Reluctance to move

Swelling of muscle grousp

CK + AST markedly elevated

127
Q

What does ischemic myopathy affect?

A

Pectoral

Abodominal

Limb muscles

128
Q

Describe: Postanesthetic myopathy

A

Occurs in horses

Prolonged recumbency during general anesthesia

129
Q

What are the four peripheral neuropathies in horses?

A

Sweeny

Stringhalt

Fibrotic myopathy

Laryngeal hemiplagia

130
Q

Describe: Sweeny

A

Unilateral scapular muscle atrophy

Due to traunma or damage to suprascapular nerve

Poorly fitted harness

131
Q

Describe: Stringhalt

A

Sporadic pelvic limb neuropathy

Exaggerated flexion of one or both limbs

Unknown cause

Possible: Hypochoeris plant

132
Q

Describe: Fibrotic myopathy

A

Hamstring muscle trauma

restriction of forward swing of affected limb

133
Q

What nerve is affected in laryngeal hemiplagia?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal

134
Q

What are possible causes of laryngeal hemiplagia?

A

Lead toxicity

Direct trauma

Extension of guttural pouch infection and/or tumors

135
Q

What is a characteristic of laryngeal hemiplagia?

A

roaring nose

136
Q

What are the two kinds of motor neuronopathies seen in horses?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Equine motor neuron disease

137
Q

What organism is responsible for EPM?

A

Sarcocystic neurona

138
Q

How does EPM occur?

A

Denervation atrophy of fasical + gluteal muscles

139
Q

What causes equine motor neuron disease?

A

Prolonged vit E deficiency

140
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine motor neuron disease?

A

Rapid muscle wasting

Weakness

Trembling

Recumbency

141
Q

What is seen grossly in a horse with equine motor neuron disesae?

A

Muscles turn yello-tan

Gelatinous textures

142
Q

What bacteria is responsible for black leg in cattle?

A

Clostridial myositis

143
Q

What is the pathogenesis of blackleg?

A

Spores remain dormate in muscle

Trauma occurs

Hypoxia/anoia leads to spore activation

Bacterial production of toxins

Capillary wall damage

Hemorrhage + Edema + Necrosis

144
Q

What are the pyogenic bacteria that affect cattle?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Actinomyces bovis

145
Q

What does actinomyces bovis cause in cattle?

146
Q

What is the pathogenesis of lumpy jaw?

A

Bacteria infects bone of jaw

Chronic granulomatous to pyogranulomatous/fibrosing osteomyelitis

147
Q

What does actinobacillus lignieresii cause in cattle?

A

Wooden tongue

148
Q

What are the clinical signs of wooden tongue in cattle?

A

Excessive salivation due to difficulty swallowing

149
Q

What are the gross findings with wooden tongue?

A

Rigid and swollen tongue

150
Q

What is seen histologically with wooden tongue?

A

Mark fibrosis

Multiple areas of pyo/granulomatous inflammation

Contains eosinophilci material

151
Q

What is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue?

A

Severe granulomatous to pyogranulomatous

Fibrosis myositisi glossitis

152
Q

What are the gross findings in cattle infected with trueperella pyogenes?

A

Single or multiple

Abscesses and/or cellulitis

Thick, yellow-green, foul smelling pus

153
Q

What are the protozoal myopathies in cattle?

A

Sarcosytis

Eosinphilic myositisi

Neospora caninum

154
Q

What occurs with neospora caninum infections in cattle?

A

No clinical disease in cattle

Can infect fetus leading to abortion

155
Q

Describe: Eosinophilic myositis

A

Sarcocystis infection

Involved in hypersensitivity

Green discoloration of muscle due to massive infiltration of EOS

Necrosis and fibrosis occur

156
Q

What muscles are most affected by nutritional myopathy in cattle?

A

Postural + Locomotion

157
Q

How is nutritional myopathy diagnosed in cattle?

A

Blood levels of vit e. and selenium

158
Q

What plant most commonly causes degenerative myopathy in cattle?

A

Cassia occidentalis

aka coffee weed

159
Q

What does coffee weed cause in cattle?

A

Necrosis

Minimal to no mineralization

160
Q

What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity?

A

Diarrhea

Anorexia

Generalized weakness

CK + AST exteremely high

161
Q

What is the cause of steatosis in cattle?

A

Defective in-utero muscle development

Replacement of adiopocytes

162
Q

What is seen histologically in cattle with steatosis?

A

Replacement of myofibers by adiopocytes

Sudan black stain

163
Q

Describe: Congenital muscular hyperplasia

A

Defect in myostatin gene

164
Q

Animal affected: Multisystemic necrotizing vasculopathy

A

young Gelbvieh cattle

165
Q

Animal affected: Motor neuron degenerative disease

A

Brown Swiss cattle

166
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemic myopathy in cattle?

A

Anorexia

Ketosis

Glucocorticoids iwth high mineralcorticoid activity

Activation of glucose transport w/ IV administration

167
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypokalemic myopath?

A

Weakness

Recumbency

CK + AST moderatly elevated

168
Q

What are the gross findings in hypokalemic myopathy?

A

None specific

Necrosis of strenal muscles

169
Q

What are the bacterial/protozoal myopathies in small ruminants and camelids?

A

Clostridial myositis

Botulism

Protozoal myopathy

170
Q

What plant causes toxic myopathy in goats?

A

Porsopis glandulosa - honey mesquite

171
Q

What does honey mesquite do to goats?

A

Degeneration of motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Denervation of masticatory muscles

Progressive emaciation due to inability to eat

172
Q

What are the clinical signs of myotonia in goats?

A

Severe muscle spasms characterized by stiffness

Adoption of sawhorse stance

CK + AST normal

173
Q

What is since histologically in goats with myotonia?

A

Moderate myofiber hypertrophy

174
Q

What is the cause of myotonia in goats?

A

Genetic defect of skeletal muscle chloride channel

Decreased chloride conductance

Ionic instability of sarcolemma

175
Q

Describe: Megaesophagus in camelids

A

Tunica muscularis contains skeletal muscle

Abnormal motility + dilation occur in adults

Unknown cuase

176
Q

What are the causes of bacterial myopathies in pigs?

A

Clostridium septicum

T. pyogenes

Trichinosis

177
Q

What does T. pyogenes cause in pigs?

A

Pyogenic

Muscular abscesses + cellulitis

178
Q

What is the cause of trichinosis in pigs?

A

Trichinella ssp.

179
Q

What are the gross findings in pigs with a trichinosis infection?

A

Small white nodules in muscle

180
Q

What is seen histologically in pigs with a trichinosis infection?

A

Mixed inflammatory infiltrate inducing EOS

181
Q

What is the pathogensis of trichinosis of pigs?

A

Adult nematode lives in SI

Larvae penetrate mucosa + reach bloodstream

Larvae encyst in myofibers

Active muscle preferentially affected

182
Q

What is plant affects pigs? How?

A

Cassia occidentalis

Diaphragm

183
Q

How does ionophore toxicity affect pigs?

A

Atria of the heart

184
Q

What does gossypol cause in pigs?

A

Skeletal + Cardiac muscle necrosis

Liver + Lungs lesions

185
Q

Describe: Myofibrillar hypoplasia

A

aka Splay leg

Abduction of limbs laterally

Progressive flattension of the sternum

Young piglets

186
Q

What pigs are most commonly affected by Porcine stress syndrome?

A

Pigs with unpigmented hair coats

187
Q

What is the cause of porcine stress syndrome?

A

Genetic defect in ryanodine receptor

188
Q

What are the clinical signs of porcine stress syndrome?

A

Dramatically increased body temperature

Severe muscle rigidity

CK + AST markedly elevated

189
Q

What gross findings are seen with porcine stress syndrome?

A

Muscles are pale, moist, swollen, and appear cooked

Shoulder, back, and thigh most affected

190
Q

What is seen histologically with porcine stress syndrome?

A

Myofibers

Hypercontracted

or

Coagulative necrosis

191
Q

What is the pathogenesis of porcine stress syndrome?

A

Ryanodine receptor = Calcium release channel in SR

Uncontrolled intracytoplasimic Ca Release

Excessive contraction

Heat production

192
Q

What causes protozoal myopathy in dogs?

A

Neospora caninum

193
Q

What are clinical signs of neospora infection in a dog?

A

Progressive weakness

Marked muscle atrophy

CK + AST slightly increased

194
Q

What is seen grossly in dogs infected with neospora?

A

Atrophied, pale and firm muscles

195
Q

What is seen histologically in dogs with a neospora infection?

A

Myofiber necrosis

Lymphoplasmacyctic inflammatory infiltrate

Intracytoplasmic protozoal cysts

196
Q

What is the pathogenesis of neospora infection in dogs?

A

Transmitted in utero

Invade peripheral nervous system + skeletal muscle

Affects ventral spinal roots = denervation of muscles

197
Q

What are the clinical signs of Duchenne’s type?

A

progressive weakness

death

Less severe: stiff short strife gait and excercise

198
Q

What is the cause of Duchenne’s type in dogs?

A

Dystropin gene affected

Codes for membrane associated cytoskeletal protein

Repeated bouts of myofiber necrosis + regeneration

199
Q

What causes death in Duchenne’s type?

A

Respiratory failure related to severe diaphragmatic necrosis

200
Q

What is seen histologically with Duchenne’s type?

A

Necrosis

Mineralization

Progressive dissecting fibrosis

201
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lab. retriever centronuclear myopathy?

A

Neuromuscular weakness first 6 months

Excercise intolerance

Loss of patellar + triceps reflex

CK + AST normal

202
Q

What are the gross findings seen with centronuclear myopathy?

A

Poor muscling

Possible megaesophagus

203
Q

What is seen histologically with centronuclear myopathy?

A

Clusters of atrophic myofibers

Myofiber hypertrophy

Nuclei internalization

204
Q

What breeds of dogs are affected by congenital myotonia?

A

Chow chow

Miniature schnauzer

Staffordshire terrier

205
Q

What are the gross and histological findings of congenital myotonia in dogs?

A

Marked musclar hypertrophy

206
Q

What are the clincal signs of congenital myotonia in dogs?

A

Movement with splayed, stiff thoracic limbs

Bunny hop gait in pelvic limbs

207
Q

What is the cause of congenital myotonia?

A

Decreased chloride conduction

208
Q

What are the endocrine myopathies seen in dogs?

A

Hypothyroidism

Hypercortisolism

209
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

A

Weakness

Muscle atrophy

Laryngeal paralysis

Megaesophagus

210
Q

What are the gross findings in a dog with hypothyroidism?

A

Overall muscle atrophy

Thyroid gland bilateral atrophy

Megaesophagus

211
Q

What is seen histologically in a dog with hypothyroid ism?

A

Atrophy of type 2 myofibers

Axonal degeneration

212
Q

What causes hypercortisolism in dogs?

A

Increased adrenocortical cortisol production

Exogenous corticosteroids

213
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypercortisolism in dogs?

A

neuromuscular weakness

CK + AST normal

Cushingoid pseudomyotonia

214
Q

Define: Cushingoid pseudomyotonia

A

Remarkabley stiff, stilted pelvic gait

Increased muscle tone of proximal thigh muscles

215
Q

What are the gross + histological findings in a dog with hypercortisolism?

A

Sysmmetric muscle atrophy

Alopecia

Bilateral cortical atrophy

216
Q

What causes polymyositis in dogs?

A

Antibodies directed to skeletal muscles only

217
Q

What are the gross findings in dogs with polymysitis?

A

Muscle throughout body can be affected

Atrophy of temporal + masseter muscles

Esophageal muscle involvement = megaesophagus

218
Q

What is seen histologically in acute cases of polymuositisi?

A

Lymphocytic myosistisi

Variable degree myofiber necrosis

219
Q

What is seen histologically in chronic cases of polymyositis?

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

220
Q

What causes masticatory myositis?

A

Antibodies against myosin isoform present in type 2 myofibers in dogs

221
Q

What are the clincal/gross findings in a dog with masticatory myositisis?

A

Bilateral symmetric swelling of temporalis and masseter muscles

Inability of full opening of the jaw

222
Q

What is histological appearance of masticatory myosistis in dogs?

A

Lymphocytic myosistis (B-lymphocytes)

Numerous eosinophils

Necrosis

Regeneration of myfibers

223
Q

What dogs seem to get extraocular muscle myositis?

A

< 2 years old

Golden retrivers

224
Q

How does extraocular muscle myositis present?

A

Actue onset of bilateral exopthalmos

225
Q

What are the gross findings seen with extraocular muscle myosistis?

A

Extraocular muscles are swollen + pale yellow

226
Q

What is seen histologically with extraocular muscle myosistis?

A

Myofiber necrosis

Regeneration + Lymphocytic inflammation of muscles

227
Q

What are the three disorders seen in dogs of the NMJ?

A

Myasthenia gravis

Tick paralysis

Botulism

228
Q

What dogs are predisposed to myasthenia gravis?

A

Jack russels

Smooth fox terriers

Springer spaniels

229
Q

What breeds of dogs are predisposed to exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Racing greyhounds

Sled dogs

230
Q

What muscles are most affected in dogs with exterional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Back + Thigh muscles

231
Q

What breeds of dogs are predisposed to Motor neuron disease?

A

Brittany Spaniel

Rottweiler

232
Q

What is elevated in a cat with duchenne’s type?

A

CK + AST + ALT

233
Q

How does x-linked musclar dystrophy present in a cat?

A

Progressive, presistent stiff gait

Associated with marked muscular atrophy

234
Q

What does FeLV cause in cats muscularly?

A

Immune mediated myositis

Pathology II (20 decks)

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