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Pathology II > LEC 1 - Repro I: Males + Intersex > Flashcards

LEC 1 - Repro I: Males + Intersex Flashcards

1
Q

What two things does an embryo have before it becomes a determined sex?

A

Gonadal ridge
– and –
Two duct system

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2
Q

What are the two ducts in an unsexed embryo?

A

Mesonephric/Wolffian
– and –
Paramesonephric/Mullerian

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3
Q

Which duct system is male?

A

Mesonephric/Wolffian

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4
Q

What are the three levels of differentiation?

A

Chromosomal
Gonadal
Phenotypic

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5
Q

What is the default sex?

A

Female

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6
Q

What occurs for a fetus to become a male?

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome
Makes testes via TDF
Testes secrete hormones to degrade Mullerian duct

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7
Q

What are the two hormones of a male?

A

Testosterone
– and –
MIS

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8
Q

Where does MIS come from?

A

Sertoli cells

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9
Q

Where does testosterone come from?

A

Interstitial cells

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10
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stabilize Wolf ducts

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11
Q

Term: Intersex

A

Any condition where one level of sexuality does not match the rest

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12
Q

Term: True Hermaphrodites

A

Gonads of both sex

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13
Q

Term: Pseudo Hermaphrodites

A

Gonads of one sex, opposite accessories

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14
Q

Term: Sex Reversal

A

Chromosomal sex does not match gonads

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15
Q

Term: Free martinism

A

Environmentally determined intersexuality

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16
Q

What animal is most commonly a true hermaphrodite?

A

Goats + Swine

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17
Q

What is a true hermaphrodite most often genetically?

A

Female

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18
Q

Where do you normally find the gonads of a true hermaphrodite?

A

Pelvic cavity

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19
Q

What two things can occur with the gonads of a true hermaphrodite?

A

One ovary + One Testes
– or –
Ovatestes

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20
Q

What part of an ovatestes is the ovary?

A

Cortex

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21
Q

What does an animal with two ovatestes look like anatomically?

A

hypoplastic uterus

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22
Q

Why does the animal with ovatestes have a hypoplastic uterus?

A

Not enough MIS secreted by the testicular tissue

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23
Q

What are most pseudohermaphrodites genetically?

A

Male

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24
Q

How does a male become a pseudoheraphrodite?

A

XY male’s mullerian ducts fail to regress
– or/and –
Androgen dependent structures fail to develope

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25
Q

How could a female become a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

XX female develop a male phenotype via a non-gonadal source

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26
Q

What are the two examples of sex reversal in animals?

A

Cocker spaniels
– and–
Polled goats

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27
Q

When do cocker spaniels have sex reversal?

A

Genetic females is carrying TDF on her X chromosome

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28
Q

What occurs in polled goats that causes them to have sex reversal?

A

Sex-linked trait is connected to the polled gene

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29
Q

What genetic goats tend to have sex reversal?

A

XX karyotype

Homozygous for polled male pseudohermaphrodite

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30
Q

What is dominant, polled or horns?

A

Polled

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31
Q

What occurs with females that are homozygotes for the polled gene?

A

Polled heads with sex reversal

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32
Q

How does freemartinism occur in twin cattle?

A

the male and female twin end up having a fusionof the chorioallantoic circulation
The male passes some of its MIS to the female twin

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33
Q

What characteristics are seen in a female that has undergone freemartinism?

A

Incomplete vaginal development
Prominent seminal vesicles
reduced uterus
Small gonads - Ovatestis

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34
Q

What are some common causes of testicular hypoplasia?

A

Abnormal germ cells
In utero infections/intoxications
Nutritional deficiencies
Chromoosomal aberrations

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35
Q

What are the positions that a crytorchid teste could be in/

A

Intra/extra abdominal
– and –
Uni/bilateral

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36
Q

What animals is crytorchism common in?

A

Pigs + Horses + Dogs

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37
Q

What is different about cryptorchidism in horses?

A

Dominant, heritable trait

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38
Q

What is bad about cryptorchidism?

A

Increased chance of primary neoplasm

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39
Q

What are the three most common things that occur in a retained teste?

A

Teratoma
Seminoma
Sertoli cell tumor

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40
Q

How are the possible causes of testicular degeneration?

A

Thermal
Age-associated
Sertoli cell tumors
Vascular

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41
Q

What vascular problems cause testicular degeneration?

A

Torsions + Infarctions

42
Q

Why do sertoli cell tumors cause testicular degeneration?

A

Production of estrogen

43
Q

What is grossly evident that tells you the testicles have shrank?

A

Small, won’t bulge in cross section
Tunica albuginea is wrinkled
Firm

44
Q

What histological changes do you see with testicular degeneration?

A 
Cytoplasmic vaculation 
Germinal cell desquamation 
Intratubular multinucleated cells 
Thick basement membranes 
Intersitial fibrosis 
Mineralization
45
Q

What are the four primary testicular neoplasias?

A

Interstitial cell tumor
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Seminoma
Teratoma

46
Q

What is the most common testicular cancer in dogs?

A

Leydig cell tumor

47
Q

What is the gross features of a leydig cell tumor?

A

No overall increase in size
Discrete soft masses
Tan/yellow-orange
Areas of hemorrhage

48
Q

What is the biologic behavior of a leydig cell tumor?

A

Grow slowly

Benign

49
Q

What are leydig cell tumors commonly associated with?

A

Perianal gland neoplasias + Prostatic disease

50
Q

In what situation are sertoli cell tumors most common?

A

Cryptorchids

51
Q

What animals are sertoli cell tumors seen most often?

A

Older dogs
– along with –
Bulls + Stallions

52
Q

Where do sertoli cell tumors tend to metastisize?

A

Regional LN
– or –
Spermatic cord

53
Q

What are the gross features of a sertoli cell tumor?

A

Enlargement of the testicle
Masses are firm/hard
White

54
Q

What are the histological features of a sertoli cell tumor?

A

Abundant stroma

Intrabular palisades of elongated cells

55
Q

What is produced that causes biological changes in dogs with sertoli cell tumors?

56
Q

What happens due to the high estrogen levels that occur with sertoli cell tumors?

A 
Attracted to male dogs 
Decreased libido 
Mammary development 
Perineal hernias 
Penile atrophy
57
Q

What is seminoma?

A

Neoplasm of spermatogonia

58
Q

What is the female counterpart to seminoma?

A

Dysgerminoma

59
Q

When is seminoma most commonly seen?

A

Cryptorchid testis

60
Q

What are the gross features of a seminoma?

A

Enlargement of the testis

Homogenous, soft/pale appearance on cut section

61
Q

What is the cellular origin of testicular teratoma?

A

Totipotential

62
Q

What is epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

63
Q

What often causes epididmyitis (basic)?

A

Infection coming from retrograde spread of gentiourinary passages

64
Q

What is the infectious cause of epididymitis in sheep?

A

Brucella ovis

65
Q

What is the appearance of epididymitis in sheep with Burcella Ovis?

A

Epididymal tail
Leading to sperm statsis + sperm granuloma
TESTIS PROPER NOT INVOLVED

66
Q

What can cause a non-infectious form of epididymitis?

A

Congenital obstruction in excretory ducts
– or –
Trauma

67
Q

By what mechanism does the non-infectious form of epididymitis occur?

A

Blockage of sperm causes it to extrude from ducts into CT

Leads to granulomatous inflammatory response

68
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of the testis

69
Q

What is most common route of infection that causes orchitisis?

A

hematogenous

70
Q

Cause of Orchitis: Bulls

A

Brucella abortus

71
Q

Cause of Orchitis: Boars

A

Brucella suis

72
Q

Cause of Orchitis:Dogs

A

Canine distemper virus
E. Coli
Brucella Canis

73
Q

Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella abortus

A

Fibrino-purulent + necrotizing lesions

Extends from tunic to entire testis

74
Q

Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella suis

A

Abscesses in testis proper + epididymis

75
Q

Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella Canis

A

Inflammation of:

testis proper + epididymus + prostate + scrotal dermatitis

76
Q

What animals is seminal vesciulitis most common?

A

Young bulls

77
Q

What is the common pathogen that causes seminal vesiculitis?

A

Truperella pyogenes

78
Q

What is the route of infection with seminal vesiculitis?

A

Hematogenous
– or –
Ascending

79
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Inflammation fo the foreskin + head of penis

80
Q

Common cause of Balanitis: Bull

A

IBR - Bovine herpes virus 1

81
Q

Common cause of Balanitis: Stallion

A

Equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)
– and –
Cutaneous habronemiasis

82
Q

Common cause of Balanitis: Sheep + Pigs

A

Anatomic
– and –
bacterial infections

83
Q

Common cause of Balanitis: Rabbits

A

Treponema cuniculi

84
Q

What is a penile neoplasia seen in young bulls?

A

Bovine transmissible fibropapilloma

85
Q

What is the gross appearance of SCC of the penis/prepuce?

A

Superfical ulcerations + necrosis
– and –
Papillary appearance

86
Q

What can SCC look a lot like?

A

Cutaneous habronemiasis

87
Q

What is the histological appearance of SCC?

A

nests of cohesive cells with squamous differentiation
morphologic + nuclear atypia
central keratin pearl formation

88
Q

What is a transmissable form of neoplasia?

A

Transmissible Veneral tumor

89
Q

What is different about the cells involved in transmissible venereal tumor?

A

59 karotype when normal dog is 78

90
Q

What is the gross appearance of a transmissible venereal tumor?

A

Papular to papillary

91
Q

What is the histopathologic appearance of a transmissible venereal tumor?

A

Cells are round + oval w/ mitoses frequent

92
Q

What can cause prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Endrodrin imbalance or testosterone effect

93
Q

What can cause prostatic atrophy?

A

Castration (removal of testosterone)

94
Q

What can cause prostatic squamous metaplasia?

A

Estrogenic effect

95
Q

What pathology causes prostatic squamous metaplasia?

A

Sertoli Cell tumors

96
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Asymmetrical enlargement of prostate with pain on palpation

97
Q

What are the symptoms seen with prostatisits?

A

Blood/exudate in urine
– and –
dysuria

98
Q

What animals are most commonly seen with prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Older dogs

99
Q

What is the gross appearance of prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Asymmetric + Fibrosis

Local invason

100
Q

Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma tend to metastisize?

A

Sublumbar LN
– or –
Bone

101
Q

What are the primary differentials for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder/urethra

Pathology II (20 decks)

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