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Pathology II > LEC 2,3 - Repro II/III: Females > Flashcards

LEC 2,3 - Repro II/III: Females Flashcards

1
Q

Where do paraovarian and parauterine cysts normally come from?

A

Remnants of the regressed wolffian duct system

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2
Q

Why are developmental cyst non-pathological most of the time?

A

Not detrimental to the host or reproduction

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3
Q

What animal tends to get epithelial inclusion cysts?

A

Equines

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4
Q

Why can epithelial inclusion cysts be pathologic?

A

Pinching off epithelium near ovulation fossa = obstruction of ovulation

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5
Q

What animals tend to get subsurface epithelial structures?

A

Older dogs

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6
Q

Why are subsurface epithelial structures non-pathologic?

A

Do not interfere with ovulation because wider surface where ovulation can occur in dogs

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7
Q

What animals is commonly have cystic rete ovarii?

A

Cats + Dogs

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8
Q

Why is a cystic rete ovarii pathologic?

A

Can cause atrophy of the cortex due to compression of cortical tissue against ovarian capsule

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9
Q

When do luteal cysts develop?

A

Delayed or insufficent LH release such that ovulation does not occur yet theca is luteinized

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10
Q

Why is a luteal cyst pathologic?

A

Cause cystic ovarian degeneration

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11
Q

What animals commonly get luteal cysts?

A

Cows + Swine

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12
Q

What causes cystic corpora lutea?

A

Follicles that have ovulation but retained a small amount of fluid forming a central cyst which is surrounded by luteal tissue

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13
Q

Is a cystic corpora lutea pathologic? Why?

A

No

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14
Q

What is COD?

A

Cystic Ovarian Degeneration

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15
Q

What animal most commonly gets COD?

A

Cows

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16
Q

How is COD defined in a cow?

A

Follicular cyst measuring 2.5 cm or more
– and –
Persisting for 10 days or more

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17
Q

What can COD become?

A

Luteal cysts if undergo lutetinization

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18
Q

When does COD occur most?

A

15 to 45 days after calving

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19
Q

What is a possible problem that occurs in cows that have COD?

A

Neuroendocrine dysfunction

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20
Q

What does neuroendocrine dysfunction cause in a cow with COD?

A

Complete failure of LH release from pituitary
Insufficient amounts of LH
Failure of hypothalamus to respond to positive feedback of increasing levels of estrogen during early estrus
Uterine infections

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21
Q

What happens in a COD cow that continues to produce excess estrogen?

A 
Infertility 
Anestrus 
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 
Mucometra or hydrometra 
Endometrial atrophy
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22
Q

What are the five kinds of ovarian neoplasia?

A 
Sex cord stromal tissues 
Epithelial tissues 
Germ or stem cell tumors 
Mesenchymal 
metastatic
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23
Q

Cancer types: Sex cord stromal cancers

A

Granulosa cell
Theca cell
Luteoma

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24
Q

Cancer types: Epithelial Tumor Ovarian

A

Cystadenoma

Cystadenocarcinoma

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25
Q

Cancer types: Germ/Stem cell tumor

A

Dysgerminoma

Teratoma

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26
Q

Cancer types: Mesenchymal

A

Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Fibroma
Fibrosarcoma

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27
Q

Cancer types: Metastatic tumor

A

Lymphoma

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28
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor in a horse and cow?

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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29
Q

What does a granulosa cell tumor look like grossly?

A

Smooth outer surface
Center is solid/cystic
Often hemorrhaging present

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30
Q

How does a granulosa cell tumor form?

A

Solid mass of neoplasic granulosa cells form around ova
Develop graffian follicle
Efface ovary

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31
Q

What hormone is a granulosa cell tumor most commonly linked with?

A

Overproduction of estrogen

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32
Q

What does the overproduction of estrogen from a granulosa cell tumor cause?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

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33
Q

What other hormones can a granulosa cell tumor produce?

A

Androgens
– or –
Inhibin

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34
Q

What is the source of a ovarian adenocarcinoma?

A

Epithelial tissue anywhere in the ovary

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35
Q

What appearance does an ovarian adenocarcinoma have grossly?

A

Papillary

+/- Cysts

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36
Q

How do ovarian adenocarcinomas tend to metastisize?

A

Exfoliation + Implantation on abdominal wall surfaces
– or –
Lymphatics to regional LN

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37
Q

What is the cell of origin for an ovarian teratoma?

A

Totipotential primordial germ cell

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38
Q

What does a dysgerminoma arise from?

A

Primitive germ cell in ovary that do not differentiate

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39
Q

What is the gross appearance of a dysgerminoma?

A

Soft, solid mass within the ovary

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40
Q

What is the histological appearance of a dysgerminoma?

A

Sheets of polygonal cells

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41
Q

What are the three forms of mesenchymal tumors seen in the ovaries?

A

Fibromas/sarcomas
Leiomyomas/sarcomas
Hemangiomas/sarcomas

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42
Q

What are the three forms of uterine inflammation seen?

A

Endometritis
Metritis
Pyometra

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43
Q

What is the most common cause of endometritis in a mare?

A

Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus

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44
Q

How soon should post-coital endometritis resolve before you think there is a problem?

A

48 to 72 hours

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45
Q

What is happening in endometritis during estrus?

A

Neutrophisl marginate n endometrial capillaries

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46
Q

What is phagocytosis of the neutrophils within the uterus dependent on?

A

Adequate numbers of neutrophils
Appropriate neutrophil function
Opsonization

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47
Q

What happens with contamination during coitus or parturition?

A

Fail to fertilize ova
– or –
Fertilization occurs but embryonic death follows if bacteria is not cleared

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48
Q

What is the histopathlogical appearance of endometritis?

A

Neutrophils - early

Lymphocytes + Plasma cells - days

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49
Q

What is periglandular fibrosis?

A

Chronic change that leads to infertility

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50
Q

What is the histological appearance of periglandular fibrosis?

A

Circumferential fibrosis of glands
– and–
Non-supprative inflammation

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51
Q

What can cause Bovine postpartum metritis?

A

Abnormal parturition
Uterine involution slowed
Patent lumen fills with lochia
Bacteria enter + multiply

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52
Q

What happens in the most severe forms of bovine postparum metritis?

A

Septicemic disperion of infection
– and –
Uterine vein throbosis + embolism

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53
Q

What normally is the cause of bovine postpartum pyometra?

A

History of retained placenta or dystocia

Bacterial contamination leads to endometrial inflammation preventing the CL from regressing

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54
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Accumulation of purulent material in uterus

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55
Q

What bacteria are the common cause of pyometra?

A

E. Coli
Trueperella pyogenes
Gram-negative anaerobes

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56
Q

What is the etiologic agent in bovine postcoital pyometra?

A

Tritrichomanas foetus

57
Q

What is the clinical presentation of bovine postcoital pyometra?

A

Embryonic deaths
Reabsorption
Infertility

58
Q

What type of infection is tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Protozoal venereal infection

59
Q

What is seen in infectect cows in regards to their embryos?

A

Early abortion occurs 1-16 wks after fetilization

Low birth weigth + delayed calving in those that survive

60
Q

What is the treatment for cows with tritirchomas?

A

None - self-limiting

61
Q

What can bulls be treated with that are infected with tritrichomonas?

A

Antitrichomonal salves

62
Q

What is the sequence of events in cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra?

A 
Repeat estrous w/o pregnancy 
Followed by diestrus periods w/ CL present 
Uterus under progesterone influence 
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 
Secondary bacterial infection
63
Q

What occurs when the uterus is under the influence of progesterone?

A

Immune suppression
– and –
Loss of SM tone

64
Q

What is the clinical presentation of canine pyometra?

A

Fever
Polyuria/dipsia
Leukocytosis w/ left shit + toxic change
Myeloid hyperplasia

65
Q

What type of hyperplastic epithleum occurs with cystic ovaries?

A

Estrogenic

66
Q

What is the appearance of estrogenic hyperplastic epithelium?

A

Low cubodial or attenuated

67
Q

What aniamls is estrogenic hyperplastic epithelium most commonly seen?

A

Large animals

Bovine cystic follicular degeneration

68
Q

What type of hyperplastic epithleum occurs with pyometra complex?

A

Progestational

69
Q

What is the histological appearange of progestational hyperplastic epithelium?

A

Tall, hypertrophic/plastic w/ clear cytoplasm

70
Q

What is progestation hyperplastic epithelium most commonly seen in?

71
Q

What occurs with hydraaminos + hydroallantosis?

A

Dysregulation of fluid leading to either accumulation in either amniotic or allantoic sacs
Leads to fetal detah

72
Q

What animals is hydraminos/hydroallantosis seen most commonly?

73
Q

What animal does subinvolution of placental sites most commonly occur?

A

Carnivores

74
Q

What causes subinvolution of placental sites?

A

trophoblastic cells from chorion can invade uterus

cause presistant bloody discharge postpartum

75
Q

What is considered a retained placenta in cattle?

A

12 hours postpartum

76
Q

What is condisdered a retained placenta in equine?

77
Q

What are the three consequences of fetal death?

A

Resorption
Mummification
Expulsion

78
Q

What are the three types of explusion?

A

Maceration
Stillbirth
Abortion

79
Q

What is mummification?

A

Autolysis without putrefaction
Fluids get reabsorbed
Fetus desiccates

80
Q

What is maceration?

A

Fetal death in presence of uterine infection

81
Q

What are the signs that maceration is what occurred?

A

Odor
Skin slippage
Reddened tissue
Liquefaction of tissue

82
Q

What is considered a stillbirth?

A

Fetus delivered dead within period of expected viability

83
Q

What is considered an abortion?

A

Expulsion of fetus prior to expected time of delivery

84
Q

When an abortion occurs what is the best set of samples to send to the pathologist?

A

Entire fetus
Entire placenta
Serum from affected and unaffected animals

85
Q

When do you get lower yield results from abortion case diagnostics?

A

Sporadic abortions

86
Q

If you have a problem sending the preferred samples to the pathologist what are the minimum samples that they need?

A

1/4 inche section of each fetal organ + tissues with lesions
Fresh samples of lung, liver, kidney, abomasal fluid + placenta
Serum

87
Q

What are the three categories of infections that cause abortions?

A

Maternal
Placental
Fetal

88
Q

What are the two maternal infections that cause abortion?

A

Salmonella septicemia
– and –
Equine viral arteritis

89
Q

What are the common species of salmonella that are the cause of maternal infections leading to abortion?

A

Typhimurium + Dublin

90
Q

What is the pathogensis of a Salmonella infection that leads to abortion?

A

Maternal septicemia
Fetal anoxia/septicemia
Endotoxin prostaglandin release +

91
Q

What is the cause of salmonella related abortions?

A

Luteolysis

92
Q

How is equine viral arteritis spread?

A

Sexually transmitted from stallion

93
Q

What is the normal clinical signs seen with EVA infections?

A

Mild upper respiratory disease

94
Q

What occurs with sever cases of EVA?

A

Generalized vascular necrosis

95
Q

When do abortions occur with severe EVA infections?

A

1 to 14 days post exposure

96
Q

What is the cause of EVA related abortions?

A

Vasculitis + Metritis leading to detachment of placenta

97
Q

What organisms are the cause of placental infections leading to abortion?

A 
Brucellosis 
Streptococcus
Toxoplasmosis 
Neospora 
Coxiella burnetii
Trueperella pyogenes
Fungal infections
98
Q

What is the pathogensis of brucellosis infections that lead to abortion?

A

Cow will eat infected placenta
Bacteremia
Infection of uterus + placenta

99
Q

Where does brucellosis replicate in the body?

A

trophoblastic cells

100
Q

What type of placentitis is seen with brucellosis?

A

intercotyledonary + cotyledonary

101
Q

How does a fungal infection occur in bovine that leads to abortion?

A

Most likely ingestion + GI spread

Facillitated by BVD

102
Q

What is the infection mechanism for a fungal infection leading to abortion in horse?

A

Transcervical contamination

103
Q

What gross lesions are seen with fungal infections of the placenta?

A

Leathery thickening of both cotyledonary + intercontyledonary placenta
Fetal mycotic dermatis

104
Q

When do fungal infections cause abortions in cattle and equine?

A

5th to 11th month gestation

105
Q

What is the best way to visualize a fungal infection in a placenta?

A

Silver stain

106
Q

What is the most important bacterial cause of abortion in a mare?

A

Streptococcal placentitis

107
Q

How does strep get into a mare’s placenta?

A

Ascending via open cervix

108
Q

What is seen grossly with streptococcal placentitis?

A

Severe lesions
Placenta w/ trombosed blood vessels + hemorrhage + necrosis
septic fetus

109
Q

What is the common cause of abortion in sheep?

A

Toxoplasmosis

110
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasmosis?

111
Q

What is seen grossly with toxoplasmosis infections of the placenta?

A

Cotyledonary necrosis

112
Q

What is seen histologically with a toxoplasmosis infection of the placenta?

A

Toxoplasma cysts in trophoblasts

113
Q

What animals does campylobacter cause abortion in most commonly?

A

Bovine + Ovine

114
Q

What are the forms of campylobacter that cause abortion?

A

venerealis + fetus + jejuni

115
Q

What does not occur with a fetus aborted due to campylobacter?

A

NOT autolyzed

116
Q

What is a classic lesion of an aborted fetus due to campylobacter?

A

Fetal targetoid hepatic necrosis l

117
Q

What is the definitive host of neospora?

118
Q

What does neospora cause in cattle?

A

Abortion storms

119
Q

What lesions are found on a fetus aborted due to neospora?

A

Myocardial necrosis
– and –
glial nodules in the brain

120
Q

What does coxiella burnetii cause? (animal)

A

Abortion in sheep

121
Q

What does coxiella do in sheep that causes abortion?

A

Placentitis
Diffusely thickened
Leathery with necrosis + exudate
Trophoblasts infected

122
Q

What are the most common causes of abortion in sheep?

A

C. Fetus Fetus
C. Jejuni
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetii

123
Q

Where is truperella pyogenes normally found?

A

mucosal membranes of livestock

124
Q

What is truperella pyogenes the most common cause of?

A

Sporadic bovine abortion

125
Q

What fetal infections cause abortion?

A

Herpes
BVD
Leptosprosis
Listeriosis

126
Q

What is seen in listeriosis abortions?

A

Autolyzed fetus

White foci of necrosis in heart + skeletal muscle

127
Q

What does listeriosis cause abortion in?

A

Cattle + Sheep + Goat

128
Q

How are the three ways listeriosis presents?

A

Encephalitic + Septicemic + Abortions

129
Q

What does lepto cause abortions in?

130
Q

What are non-infectious causes of abortions?

A

Equine twins
Umbilical cord twist
Toxins
Heriditary conditions

131
Q

What causes uterine torsion?

A

Uterus weighed down w/ fetus

132
Q

Where does the uterus twise in intercornual ligment animals?

133
Q

Where does the uterus twist in animals without a intercornual ligamnet?

A

each horn twists

134
Q

What animal most commonly has uterine prolapses?

A

Cattle due to breeding mismanagement

135
Q

When does uterine prolapse occur most of the time?

A

15 hours postpartum

136
Q

What are the predisposing conditions to uterine prolapse?

A

Milk fever
Atonic uterus
Tenesmus

137
Q

What associated lesions are seen with uterine prolapse?

A

uterine/vaginal tare

endometritis/metritis

138
Q

When does vaginal prolapse occur in canines?

A

Proestrus + estrus

Estrogen related

139
Q

When does vaginal prolapse occur in cattle?

A

Late gestation

Pathology II (20 decks)

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