LEC 2,3 - Repro II/III: Females Flashcards
1
Q
Where do paraovarian and parauterine cysts normally come from?
A
Remnants of the regressed wolffian duct system
2
Q
Why are developmental cyst non-pathological most of the time?
A
Not detrimental to the host or reproduction
3
Q
What animal tends to get epithelial inclusion cysts?
A
Equines
4
Q
Why can epithelial inclusion cysts be pathologic?
A
Pinching off epithelium near ovulation fossa = obstruction of ovulation
5
Q
What animals tend to get subsurface epithelial structures?
A
Older dogs
6
Q
Why are subsurface epithelial structures non-pathologic?
A
Do not interfere with ovulation because wider surface where ovulation can occur in dogs
7
Q
What animals is commonly have cystic rete ovarii?
A
Cats + Dogs
8
Q
Why is a cystic rete ovarii pathologic?
A
Can cause atrophy of the cortex due to compression of cortical tissue against ovarian capsule
9
Q
When do luteal cysts develop?
A
Delayed or insufficent LH release such that ovulation does not occur yet theca is luteinized
10
Q
Why is a luteal cyst pathologic?
A
Cause cystic ovarian degeneration
11
Q
What animals commonly get luteal cysts?
A
Cows + Swine
12
Q
What causes cystic corpora lutea?
A
Follicles that have ovulation but retained a small amount of fluid forming a central cyst which is surrounded by luteal tissue
13
Q
Is a cystic corpora lutea pathologic? Why?
A
No
14
Q
What is COD?
A
Cystic Ovarian Degeneration
15
Q
What animal most commonly gets COD?
A
Cows
16
Q
How is COD defined in a cow?
A
Follicular cyst measuring 2.5 cm or more
– and –
Persisting for 10 days or more
17
Q
What can COD become?
A
Luteal cysts if undergo lutetinization
18
Q
When does COD occur most?
A
15 to 45 days after calving
19
Q
What is a possible problem that occurs in cows that have COD?
A
Neuroendocrine dysfunction
20
Q
What does neuroendocrine dysfunction cause in a cow with COD?
A
Complete failure of LH release from pituitary
Insufficient amounts of LH
Failure of hypothalamus to respond to positive feedback of increasing levels of estrogen during early estrus
Uterine infections
21
Q
What happens in a COD cow that continues to produce excess estrogen?
A
Infertility Anestrus Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Mucometra or hydrometra Endometrial atrophy
22
Q
What are the five kinds of ovarian neoplasia?
A
Sex cord stromal tissues Epithelial tissues Germ or stem cell tumors Mesenchymal metastatic
23
Q
Cancer types: Sex cord stromal cancers
A
Granulosa cell
Theca cell
Luteoma
24
Q
Cancer types: Epithelial Tumor Ovarian
A
Cystadenoma
Cystadenocarcinoma
25
Cancer types: Germ/Stem cell tumor
Dysgerminoma
| Teratoma
26
Cancer types: Mesenchymal
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Fibroma
Fibrosarcoma
27
Cancer types: Metastatic tumor
Lymphoma
28
What is the most common ovarian tumor in a horse and cow?
Granulosa cell tumor
29
What does a granulosa cell tumor look like grossly?
Smooth outer surface
Center is solid/cystic
Often hemorrhaging present
30
How does a granulosa cell tumor form?
Solid mass of neoplasic granulosa cells form around ova
Develop graffian follicle
Efface ovary
31
What hormone is a granulosa cell tumor most commonly linked with?
Overproduction of estrogen
32
What does the overproduction of estrogen from a granulosa cell tumor cause?
Endometrial hyperplasia
33
What other hormones can a granulosa cell tumor produce?
Androgens
-- or --
Inhibin
34
What is the source of a ovarian adenocarcinoma?
Epithelial tissue anywhere in the ovary
35
What appearance does an ovarian adenocarcinoma have grossly?
Papillary
| +/- Cysts
36
How do ovarian adenocarcinomas tend to metastisize?
Exfoliation + Implantation on abdominal wall surfaces
-- or --
Lymphatics to regional LN
37
What is the cell of origin for an ovarian teratoma?
Totipotential primordial germ cell
38
What does a dysgerminoma arise from?
Primitive germ cell in ovary that do not differentiate
39
What is the gross appearance of a dysgerminoma?
Soft, solid mass within the ovary
40
What is the histological appearance of a dysgerminoma?
Sheets of polygonal cells
41
What are the three forms of mesenchymal tumors seen in the ovaries?
Fibromas/sarcomas
Leiomyomas/sarcomas
Hemangiomas/sarcomas
42
What are the three forms of uterine inflammation seen?
Endometritis
Metritis
Pyometra
43
What is the most common cause of endometritis in a mare?
Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus
44
How soon should post-coital endometritis resolve before you think there is a problem?
48 to 72 hours
45
What is happening in endometritis during estrus?
Neutrophisl marginate n endometrial capillaries
46
What is phagocytosis of the neutrophils within the uterus dependent on?
Adequate numbers of neutrophils
Appropriate neutrophil function
Opsonization
47
What happens with contamination during coitus or parturition?
Fail to fertilize ova
-- or --
Fertilization occurs but embryonic death follows if bacteria is not cleared
48
What is the histopathlogical appearance of endometritis?
Neutrophils - early
| Lymphocytes + Plasma cells - days
49
What is periglandular fibrosis?
Chronic change that leads to infertility
50
What is the histological appearance of periglandular fibrosis?
Circumferential fibrosis of glands
-- and--
Non-supprative inflammation
51
What can cause Bovine postpartum metritis?
Abnormal parturition
Uterine involution slowed
Patent lumen fills with lochia
Bacteria enter + multiply
52
What happens in the most severe forms of bovine postparum metritis?
Septicemic disperion of infection
-- and --
Uterine vein throbosis + embolism
53
What normally is the cause of bovine postpartum pyometra?
History of retained placenta or dystocia
| Bacterial contamination leads to endometrial inflammation preventing the CL from regressing
54
What is pyometra?
Accumulation of purulent material in uterus
55
What bacteria are the common cause of pyometra?
E. Coli
Trueperella pyogenes
Gram-negative anaerobes
56
What is the etiologic agent in bovine postcoital pyometra?
Tritrichomanas foetus
57
What is the clinical presentation of bovine postcoital pyometra?
Embryonic deaths
Reabsorption
Infertility
58
What type of infection is tritrichomonas foetus?
Protozoal venereal infection
59
What is seen in infectect cows in regards to their embryos?
Early abortion occurs 1-16 wks after fetilization
| Low birth weigth + delayed calving in those that survive
60
What is the treatment for cows with tritirchomas?
None - self-limiting
61
What can bulls be treated with that are infected with tritrichomonas?
Antitrichomonal salves
62
What is the sequence of events in cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra?
```
Repeat estrous w/o pregnancy
Followed by diestrus periods w/ CL present
Uterus under progesterone influence
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Secondary bacterial infection
```
63
What occurs when the uterus is under the influence of progesterone?
Immune suppression
-- and --
Loss of SM tone
64
What is the clinical presentation of canine pyometra?
Fever
Polyuria/dipsia
Leukocytosis w/ left shit + toxic change
Myeloid hyperplasia
65
What type of hyperplastic epithleum occurs with cystic ovaries?
Estrogenic
66
What is the appearance of estrogenic hyperplastic epithelium?
Low cubodial or attenuated
67
What aniamls is estrogenic hyperplastic epithelium most commonly seen?
Large animals
| Bovine cystic follicular degeneration
68
What type of hyperplastic epithleum occurs with pyometra complex?
Progestational
69
What is the histological appearange of progestational hyperplastic epithelium?
Tall, hypertrophic/plastic w/ clear cytoplasm
70
What is progestation hyperplastic epithelium most commonly seen in?
Dogs
71
What occurs with hydraaminos + hydroallantosis?
Dysregulation of fluid leading to either accumulation in either amniotic or allantoic sacs
Leads to fetal detah
72
What animals is hydraminos/hydroallantosis seen most commonly?
Bovine
73
What animal does subinvolution of placental sites most commonly occur?
Carnivores
74
What causes subinvolution of placental sites?
trophoblastic cells from chorion can invade uterus
| cause presistant bloody discharge postpartum
75
What is considered a retained placenta in cattle?
12 hours postpartum
76
What is condisdered a retained placenta in equine?
3 hours
77
What are the three consequences of fetal death?
Resorption
Mummification
Expulsion
78
What are the three types of explusion?
Maceration
Stillbirth
Abortion
79
What is mummification?
Autolysis without putrefaction
Fluids get reabsorbed
Fetus desiccates
80
What is maceration?
Fetal death in presence of uterine infection
81
What are the signs that maceration is what occurred?
Odor
Skin slippage
Reddened tissue
Liquefaction of tissue
82
What is considered a stillbirth?
Fetus delivered dead within period of expected viability
83
What is considered an abortion?
Expulsion of fetus prior to expected time of delivery
84
When an abortion occurs what is the best set of samples to send to the pathologist?
Entire fetus
Entire placenta
Serum from affected and unaffected animals
85
When do you get lower yield results from abortion case diagnostics?
Sporadic abortions
86
If you have a problem sending the preferred samples to the pathologist what are the minimum samples that they need?
1/4 inche section of each fetal organ + tissues with lesions
Fresh samples of lung, liver, kidney, abomasal fluid + placenta
Serum
87
What are the three categories of infections that cause abortions?
Maternal
Placental
Fetal
88
What are the two maternal infections that cause abortion?
Salmonella septicemia
-- and --
Equine viral arteritis
89
What are the common species of salmonella that are the cause of maternal infections leading to abortion?
Typhimurium + Dublin
90
What is the pathogensis of a Salmonella infection that leads to abortion?
Maternal septicemia
Fetal anoxia/septicemia
Endotoxin prostaglandin release +
91
What is the cause of salmonella related abortions?
Luteolysis
92
How is equine viral arteritis spread?
Sexually transmitted from stallion
93
What is the normal clinical signs seen with EVA infections?
Mild upper respiratory disease
94
What occurs with sever cases of EVA?
Generalized vascular necrosis
95
When do abortions occur with severe EVA infections?
1 to 14 days post exposure
96
What is the cause of EVA related abortions?
Vasculitis + Metritis leading to detachment of placenta
97
What organisms are the cause of placental infections leading to abortion?
```
Brucellosis
Streptococcus
Toxoplasmosis
Neospora
Coxiella burnetii
Trueperella pyogenes
Fungal infections
```
98
What is the pathogensis of brucellosis infections that lead to abortion?
Cow will eat infected placenta
Bacteremia
Infection of uterus + placenta
99
Where does brucellosis replicate in the body?
trophoblastic cells
100
What type of placentitis is seen with brucellosis?
intercotyledonary + cotyledonary
101
How does a fungal infection occur in bovine that leads to abortion?
Most likely ingestion + GI spread
| Facillitated by BVD
102
What is the infection mechanism for a fungal infection leading to abortion in horse?
Transcervical contamination
103
What gross lesions are seen with fungal infections of the placenta?
Leathery thickening of both cotyledonary + intercontyledonary placenta
Fetal mycotic dermatis
104
When do fungal infections cause abortions in cattle and equine?
5th to 11th month gestation
105
What is the best way to visualize a fungal infection in a placenta?
Silver stain
106
What is the most important bacterial cause of abortion in a mare?
Streptococcal placentitis
107
How does strep get into a mare's placenta?
Ascending via open cervix
108
What is seen grossly with streptococcal placentitis?
Severe lesions
Placenta w/ trombosed blood vessels + hemorrhage + necrosis
septic fetus
109
What is the common cause of abortion in sheep?
Toxoplasmosis
110
What is the definitive host of toxoplasmosis?
Felines
111
What is seen grossly with toxoplasmosis infections of the placenta?
Cotyledonary necrosis
112
What is seen histologically with a toxoplasmosis infection of the placenta?
Toxoplasma cysts in trophoblasts
113
What animals does campylobacter cause abortion in most commonly?
Bovine + Ovine
114
What are the forms of campylobacter that cause abortion?
venerealis + fetus + jejuni
115
What does not occur with a fetus aborted due to campylobacter?
NOT autolyzed
116
What is a classic lesion of an aborted fetus due to campylobacter?
Fetal targetoid hepatic necrosis l
117
What is the definitive host of neospora?
Canine
118
What does neospora cause in cattle?
Abortion storms
119
What lesions are found on a fetus aborted due to neospora?
Myocardial necrosis
-- and --
glial nodules in the brain
120
What does coxiella burnetii cause? (animal)
Abortion in sheep
121
What does coxiella do in sheep that causes abortion?
Placentitis
Diffusely thickened
Leathery with necrosis + exudate
Trophoblasts infected
122
What are the most common causes of abortion in sheep?
C. Fetus Fetus
C. Jejuni
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetii
123
Where is truperella pyogenes normally found?
mucosal membranes of livestock
124
What is truperella pyogenes the most common cause of?
Sporadic bovine abortion
125
What fetal infections cause abortion?
Herpes
BVD
Leptosprosis
Listeriosis
126
What is seen in listeriosis abortions?
Autolyzed fetus
| White foci of necrosis in heart + skeletal muscle
127
What does listeriosis cause abortion in?
Cattle + Sheep + Goat
128
How are the three ways listeriosis presents?
Encephalitic + Septicemic + Abortions
129
What does lepto cause abortions in?
Cattle
130
What are non-infectious causes of abortions?
Equine twins
Umbilical cord twist
Toxins
Heriditary conditions
131
What causes uterine torsion?
Uterus weighed down w/ fetus
132
Where does the uterus twise in intercornual ligment animals?
at base
133
Where does the uterus twist in animals without a intercornual ligamnet?
each horn twists
134
What animal most commonly has uterine prolapses?
Cattle due to breeding mismanagement
135
When does uterine prolapse occur most of the time?
15 hours postpartum
136
What are the predisposing conditions to uterine prolapse?
Milk fever
Atonic uterus
Tenesmus
137
What associated lesions are seen with uterine prolapse?
uterine/vaginal tare
| endometritis/metritis
138
When does vaginal prolapse occur in canines?
Proestrus + estrus
| Estrogen related
139
When does vaginal prolapse occur in cattle?
Late gestation
