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Pathology II > LEC 12 - GI III > Flashcards

LEC 12 - GI III Flashcards

1
Q

Describe: Bloat

A

Distention of the rumen by gas accuumulation

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2
Q

What is another name for bloat?

A

Ruminal Tympany

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3
Q

What is the cause of primary bloat?

A

Legume/dietary/frothy bloat

Formation of stable foam when fed certain feeds

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4
Q

What foods cause primary bloat?

A

Alfalfa

Ladino clover

Grain concentrates

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5
Q

What causes secondary bloat?

A

Physical or functional obstruction or stenosis

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6
Q

How does bloat manifest?

A

Distended left paralumbar fossas

Compresses the diaphragm

Increases intraabdominal + intrathoracic pressure

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7
Q

What does the intrathoracic pressure lead to in bloat?

A

Decrease in venous return to the heart

Generalized congestion cranial to thoracic inlet

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8
Q

What is a bloat line?

A

Sharp demarcation between caudal + crainal mucosa of esophagus

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9
Q

What causes the bloat line?

A

Compromised venous return

Leads to grossly distended rumen which displaces the diaphragm cranially

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10
Q

Term: Hari balls

A

Trichobezors

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11
Q

Term: Phytobezors

A

Plant balls

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12
Q

What causes phytobezoars?

A

Indigestable roughage

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13
Q

What occurs in rumenants when nails or wires are ingested?

A

Perforation of reticulaum

Leads to reticulitis + peritonitis

– sometimes pericarditis

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14
Q

What disease occurs with nail/wire ingestion?

A

Hardware disease

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15
Q

What can occur with battery ingestion?

A

Lead poisoning

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16
Q

What is seen grossly with traumatic reticulitis?

A

perforated walls of reticulum

tend to lodge in tunica muscularis

Wire will be surrounded by sinus tract draining to surface reticulum

Chronic ulcer will form

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17
Q

What causes rumenitits?

A

Lactic acidosis

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18
Q

What causes lactic acidosis in ruminants?

A

Grain overload

Sudden diet change to easily fermentable/carb feed

OR

Change in fee volume

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis?

A

Change in feed

Promotion of Gram (+) bacteria

Produce lactic acid

Low pH in rumen

Acidic pH eliminates normal flora + damage mucosa

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20
Q

What is the normal ruminal pH?

A

5.5 to 7.5

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21
Q

What is the cause of death in rumenitis?

A

Dehydration > Increased osmotic effect

Acidosis + Circulatory collapse

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22
Q

What is seen grossly with rumenitis?

A

Abundant grain in ruminal contents

Watery contents

Multifocal scars = previous episodes

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23
Q

What are the histological lesions seen with rumenitis?

A

Coagulative necrosis of ruminal epi.

Neutrophilic inflammation

Widespread mucosal ulceration

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24
Q

What are the bacterial causes of rumenitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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25
Q

What can bacterial rumenitits lead to?

A

Will colonize damaged ruminal wall

Transported to liver via portal ciruclation

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26
Q

What are the common fungus related to rumenitis?

A

Aspergillus

Mucor

Rhizopus

Abisdia

Mortierella

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27
Q

What causes fungus to create rumenitis?

A

Antibiotic treatments

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28
Q

What is seen grossly with mycotic rumenitis?

A

Numerous well-demarcated red foci of necrosis + hemorrhage

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29
Q

What causes vagal indigestion?

A

Damage to the vagus nerve

Function outflow problem from the forestomach

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30
Q

Vagal indigestion: Type I

A

Caused by inflammatory lesions around the nerve

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31
Q

Vagal indigestion: Type II

A

Functional or Anatomical condition

Results in failure of omasal transport into abomasum

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32
Q

Vagal indigestion: Type III

A

Phyiscal impaction of abomasum

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33
Q

Vagal indigestion: Type IV

A

Pregnancy related

Shifting position of abomasum

Compression of abdominal branches of the nerve

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34
Q

What are the three common parasites that affect the rumen?

A

Paramphistomum

Calicophoron

Cotylophoron

35
Q

When do ruminal parasites cause pathology?

A

When they reach the SI

36
Q

What do ruminal parasites cause once they reach the small intestine?

A

Hypoproteinemia

Anemia

Death

37
Q

What does a massive amount of immature paramphistomes in the duodenum cause?

A

Severe catarrhal duodenitis

38
Q

What types of dogs tend to be predisposed to gastric dilation volvulus?

A

Large, deep chested breeds

39
Q

What are the predisposing factors for gastric dilation volvulus?

A

Distending gas

Fluid or feed

Obstruction of the cardia

Obstruction of pylorus

40
Q

How does gastric dilation volvulus occur?

A

Repeated episodes of stretching + relaxation of gastrohepatic ligament

Vascular compression occurs with gastric rotation

41
Q

What does the pressure from the gastric rotation cause?

A

Antiperistaltic waves

Atony

Cardiovascular ischemia

Shuck

42
Q

What is the gross appearance of gastric dilation?

A

Stomach filled with gas

Serosa congested

Duodenum + Spleen displaced to right

Spleen engorged

43
Q

What is the most common direction that abomasal displacement occurs?

A

Left

44
Q

What is the common presentation left-sided abdomasal displacement?

A

Non-fatal entity seen in dairy cattle at 6 weeks after parturition

45
Q

What can abomasal displacement lead to?

A

Parial obstruction of abomasal outflow

46
Q

What can cause right sided abomasal displacement?

A

Rotate on its mesenteric axis

Displaced dorsally

Occurs post-parturient dairy + calves

47
Q

How do you know an abomasal rupture occur antemortem?

A

Multifocal hemorrhaging along upper margin of the tear

48
Q

What causes braxy?

A

Clostriudium septicum

49
Q

What is braxy?

A

Hemorrhagic abomastitis

50
Q

What animal does braxy present in?

A

Sheep

51
Q

What does braxy lead to in sheep?

A

Death due to exotoxemia

52
Q

What is the causative agent in calf abomasitis?

A

Sarcina-like organisms

53
Q

What is the characteristic lesion in calf abomasitis?

A

Abomasal wall edema + bloat

54
Q

What are the causative agents in sepcticemia of pigs?

A

Salmonella

Branchyspira hyodysenteriae

Collibacilosis

55
Q

What occurs in the GI tract of pigs with sepcticemia?

A

Bacteria lodge in gastric submucosal vessles

Leads to thrombosis + hemorrhage + Infarction + Ulceration

56
Q

What animal does granulomatous gastritis?

A

Carnivores

57
Q

What are the causetive for granulomatous gastritis?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

58
Q

What are the three types of eosinophilic gastritis?

A

Focal

Diffuse

Scirrhous

59
Q

Describe: Focal Eosinophilic Gastritis

A

Toxocara canis

Mural nematode

60
Q

Describe: Diffuse Eosinophilic Gastritis

A

Due to hypersensitivity reaction

61
Q

Describe: Scirrhous Eosinophilic Gastritis

A

Idiopathic

Characterized by fibrosis

62
Q

What is hypertrophic gastritis characterized by?

A

Thickened rugae

63
Q

What is hypertrophic gastritis a result of?

A

Chronic retention of gastric fluid

Reflux of intestinal bile

64
Q

Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Dogs

A

Idiopathic

65
Q

Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Primates

A

Notchia nocti infestation

66
Q

Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Horses

A

Habronema

Trichostrongylus axei

67
Q

What is chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy of dogs?

A

Protein-losing gastropathy

68
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy?

A

Beagles

Basenji

Boxer

Bull terrier

69
Q

What is the gross presentation of chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy?

A

Cerebriform mass of redunant mucosa prsent in center of gastric mucosa

Chornic inflammation in mass = increased mucosal permeability

70
Q

What is the most common cause of gastric ulcers in dogs + cats?

A

Helicobacter-like organisms

71
Q

What is the condition necessary for gastric ulcers to occur?

A

Imbalance between acid secretion + mucosal protection

72
Q

What can result in gastric imbalances leading to ulcers?

A

Trauma

High gastric acidity

Disturbances of blood flow

Steroids

NSAID’s

73
Q

Why do steroid + NSAID’s cause gastric ulcers?

A

Depression of prostaglandin formation

Decreasing phospholipid secretion

74
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Gastric ulcers develop secondary to islet cell tumors in pancreas or duodenum

75
Q

How do pancreatic or duodenal tumors result in gastric uclers?

A

Secret gastrin

Increasing release of histamine in circulation

increases HCl secretion in stomach

76
Q

What can cause gastric ulcers in cattle?

A

Dietary changes

Mechanical irritaion

BVD infection

Gastric lymphoma

Torsions

77
Q

What causes gatric ulcers in foals?

A

Idiopathic

78
Q

What causes gastric ulcers in adult horses?

A

NSAID use

79
Q

What causes gastric ulcers in pigs?

A

Finely ground feed

80
Q

In pigs, where are gastric ulcers limited to?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

What neoplasias occur in the stomach?

A

Leiomyoma/sarcoma

Lymphoma

SCC

Adenomas/carcinomas

Mast cell tumors

82
Q

What is lymphoma in the stomach associated with in bovids?

A

BLV

83
Q

Where does leiomyomas arise from in the stomach?

A

Tunica muscularis?

Pathology II (20 decks)

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