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Pathology II > LEC 12 - GI III > Flashcards

LEC 12 - GI III Flashcards

1
Q

Describe: Bloat

A

Distention of the rumen by gas accuumulation

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2
Q

What is another name for bloat?

A

Ruminal Tympany

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3
Q

What is the cause of primary bloat?

A

Legume/dietary/frothy bloat

Formation of stable foam when fed certain feeds

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4
Q

What foods cause primary bloat?

A

Alfalfa

Ladino clover

Grain concentrates

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5
Q

What causes secondary bloat?

A

Physical or functional obstruction or stenosis

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6
Q

How does bloat manifest?

A

Distended left paralumbar fossas

Compresses the diaphragm

Increases intraabdominal + intrathoracic pressure

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7
Q

What does the intrathoracic pressure lead to in bloat?

A

Decrease in venous return to the heart

Generalized congestion cranial to thoracic inlet

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8
Q

What is a bloat line?

A

Sharp demarcation between caudal + crainal mucosa of esophagus

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9
Q

What causes the bloat line?

A

Compromised venous return

Leads to grossly distended rumen which displaces the diaphragm cranially

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10
Q

Term: Hari balls

A

Trichobezors

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11
Q

Term: Phytobezors

A

Plant balls

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12
Q

What causes phytobezoars?

A

Indigestable roughage

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13
Q

What occurs in rumenants when nails or wires are ingested?

A

Perforation of reticulaum

Leads to reticulitis + peritonitis

– sometimes pericarditis

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14
Q

What disease occurs with nail/wire ingestion?

A

Hardware disease

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15
Q

What can occur with battery ingestion?

A

Lead poisoning

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16
Q

What is seen grossly with traumatic reticulitis?

A

perforated walls of reticulum

tend to lodge in tunica muscularis

Wire will be surrounded by sinus tract draining to surface reticulum

Chronic ulcer will form

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17
Q

What causes rumenitits?

A

Lactic acidosis

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18
Q

What causes lactic acidosis in ruminants?

A

Grain overload

Sudden diet change to easily fermentable/carb feed

OR

Change in fee volume

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis?

A

Change in feed

Promotion of Gram (+) bacteria

Produce lactic acid

Low pH in rumen

Acidic pH eliminates normal flora + damage mucosa

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20
Q

What is the normal ruminal pH?

A

5.5 to 7.5

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21
Q

What is the cause of death in rumenitis?

A

Dehydration > Increased osmotic effect

Acidosis + Circulatory collapse

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22
Q

What is seen grossly with rumenitis?

A

Abundant grain in ruminal contents

Watery contents

Multifocal scars = previous episodes

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23
Q

What are the histological lesions seen with rumenitis?

A

Coagulative necrosis of ruminal epi.

Neutrophilic inflammation

Widespread mucosal ulceration

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24
Q

What are the bacterial causes of rumenitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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25
What can bacterial rumenitits lead to?
Will colonize damaged ruminal wall Transported to liver via portal ciruclation
26
What are the common fungus related to rumenitis?
Aspergillus Mucor Rhizopus Abisdia Mortierella
27
What causes fungus to create rumenitis?
Antibiotic treatments
28
What is seen grossly with mycotic rumenitis?
Numerous well-demarcated red foci of necrosis + hemorrhage
29
What causes vagal indigestion?
Damage to the vagus nerve Function outflow problem from the forestomach
30
Vagal indigestion: Type I
Caused by inflammatory lesions around the nerve
31
Vagal indigestion: Type II
Functional or Anatomical condition Results in failure of omasal transport into abomasum
32
Vagal indigestion: Type III
Phyiscal impaction of abomasum
33
Vagal indigestion: Type IV
Pregnancy related Shifting position of abomasum Compression of abdominal branches of the nerve
34
What are the three common parasites that affect the rumen?
Paramphistomum Calicophoron Cotylophoron
35
When do ruminal parasites cause pathology?
When they reach the SI
36
What do ruminal parasites cause once they reach the small intestine?
Hypoproteinemia Anemia Death
37
What does a massive amount of immature paramphistomes in the duodenum cause?
Severe catarrhal duodenitis
38
What types of dogs tend to be predisposed to gastric dilation volvulus?
Large, deep chested breeds
39
What are the predisposing factors for gastric dilation volvulus?
Distending gas Fluid or feed Obstruction of the cardia Obstruction of pylorus
40
How does gastric dilation volvulus occur?
Repeated episodes of stretching + relaxation of gastrohepatic ligament Vascular compression occurs with gastric rotation
41
What does the pressure from the gastric rotation cause?
Antiperistaltic waves Atony Cardiovascular ischemia Shuck
42
What is the gross appearance of gastric dilation?
Stomach filled with gas Serosa congested Duodenum + Spleen displaced to right Spleen engorged
43
What is the most common direction that abomasal displacement occurs?
Left
44
What is the common presentation left-sided abdomasal displacement?
Non-fatal entity seen in dairy cattle at 6 weeks after parturition
45
What can abomasal displacement lead to?
Parial obstruction of abomasal outflow
46
What can cause right sided abomasal displacement?
Rotate on its mesenteric axis Displaced dorsally Occurs post-parturient dairy + calves
47
How do you know an abomasal rupture occur antemortem?
Multifocal hemorrhaging along upper margin of the tear
48
What causes braxy?
Clostriudium septicum
49
What is braxy?
Hemorrhagic abomastitis
50
What animal does braxy present in?
Sheep
51
What does braxy lead to in sheep?
Death due to exotoxemia
52
What is the causative agent in calf abomasitis?
Sarcina-like organisms
53
What is the characteristic lesion in calf abomasitis?
Abomasal wall edema + bloat
54
What are the causative agents in sepcticemia of pigs?
Salmonella Branchyspira hyodysenteriae Collibacilosis
55
What occurs in the GI tract of pigs with sepcticemia?
Bacteria lodge in gastric submucosal vessles Leads to thrombosis + hemorrhage + Infarction + Ulceration
56
What animal does granulomatous gastritis?
Carnivores
57
What are the causetive for granulomatous gastritis?
Histoplasma capsulatum Mycobacterium tuberculosis
58
What are the three types of eosinophilic gastritis?
Focal Diffuse Scirrhous
59
Describe: Focal Eosinophilic Gastritis
Toxocara canis Mural nematode
60
Describe: Diffuse Eosinophilic Gastritis
Due to hypersensitivity reaction
61
Describe: Scirrhous Eosinophilic Gastritis
Idiopathic Characterized by fibrosis
62
What is hypertrophic gastritis characterized by?
Thickened rugae
63
What is hypertrophic gastritis a result of?
Chronic retention of gastric fluid Reflux of intestinal bile
64
Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Dogs
Idiopathic
65
Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Primates
Notchia nocti infestation
66
Cause of hypertrophic gastritis in Horses
Habronema Trichostrongylus axei
67
What is chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy of dogs?
Protein-losing gastropathy
68
What breeds are pre-disposed to chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy?
Beagles Basenji Boxer Bull terrier
69
What is the gross presentation of chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy?
Cerebriform mass of redunant mucosa prsent in center of gastric mucosa Chornic inflammation in mass = increased mucosal permeability
70
What is the most common cause of gastric ulcers in dogs + cats?
Helicobacter-like organisms
71
What is the condition necessary for gastric ulcers to occur?
Imbalance between acid secretion + mucosal protection
72
What can result in gastric imbalances leading to ulcers?
Trauma High gastric acidity Disturbances of blood flow Steroids NSAID's
73
Why do steroid + NSAID's cause gastric ulcers?
Depression of prostaglandin formation Decreasing phospholipid secretion
74
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
Gastric ulcers develop secondary to islet cell tumors in pancreas or duodenum
75
How do pancreatic or duodenal tumors result in gastric uclers?
Secret gastrin Increasing release of histamine in circulation increases HCl secretion in stomach
76
What can cause gastric ulcers in cattle?
Dietary changes Mechanical irritaion BVD infection Gastric lymphoma Torsions
77
What causes gatric ulcers in foals?
Idiopathic
78
What causes gastric ulcers in adult horses?
NSAID use
79
What causes gastric ulcers in pigs?
Finely ground feed
80
In pigs, where are gastric ulcers limited to?
Stratified squamous epithelium
81
What neoplasias occur in the stomach?
Leiomyoma/sarcoma Lymphoma SCC Adenomas/carcinomas Mast cell tumors
82
What is lymphoma in the stomach associated with in bovids?
BLV
83
Where does leiomyomas arise from in the stomach?
Tunica muscularis?

Pathology II (20 decks)

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