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Pathology II > LEC 11 - GI I + II > Flashcards

LEC 11 - GI I + II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four kind of GI tracts?

A

Non-ruminant herbivore

Ruminant herbivore

Carnivore

Insectivore

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore?

A

Simple stomach

Large cecum

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a ruminant herbivore?

A

Four-chambered stomach

Large rumen

Long small/large intestine

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a insectivore’s GI tracT?

A

Short intestine

No cecum

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a carnivore’s GI tract?

A

Short intestines + colon

Small cecum

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6
Q

What are the two developmental abnormalities that can occur if the mouth does fuse properly?

A

Palatoschisis

Cheiloschisis

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7
Q

Describe: Palatoschisis

A

Cleft palate

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8
Q

What failed to fuse with palatoschisis?

A

Lateral palatine process

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9
Q

Describe: Cheiloschisis

A

Cleft lip

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10
Q

What failed to fuse with Cheiloschisis?

A

Upper lip along the midline or philtrum

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11
Q

What can both cleft palate + lip cause in young animals?

A

Failure to suckle

Aspiration pneumonia

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12
Q

What diseases can cause vesicular stomatides?

A

FMD

Vesicular stomatitis

Vesicular exanthema of swine

Swine vesicular disease

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13
Q

Viral cause: FMD

A

Picornavirus

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14
Q

Viral cause: Vesicular stomatitis

A

Rhabdovirus

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15
Q

Viral cause: Vesicular exanthema of swine

A

Calicivirus

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16
Q

Viral cause: Swine vesicular disease

A

Enterovirus

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17
Q

Animals affected: FMD

A

Ruminants +

Pigs +

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18
Q

Animals affected: Vesicular stomatitis

A

Ruminants ++

Pigs +

Horses +

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19
Q

Animals affected: Vesicular exanthema of Swine

A

Pigs ++

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20
Q

What TYPE of viruses cause vesicular stomatitides?

A

Epitheliotropic

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21
Q

Describe: Vesicular stomatitides

A

Epithelial cytolysis

Fluid accumulation

Followed by rupture of resultant vesicle

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22
Q

What gross lesions are seen with vesicular stomatitides?

A

Fluid-filled vesicles

Present:

  1. Oral cavity
  2. Lips
  3. Rostral palate
  4. Tongue

— can extend to esophagus, stomach, or intestinal epi.

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23
Q

What are the seven causes of erosive/ulcerative stoamtides?

A

BVD

Rinderpest

Malignant catarrhal fever

Bluetongue

Feline calicivirus

NSAID’s

Uremia ulcers

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24
Q

Cause of: BVD

A

Pestivirus

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25
Q

Cause of: Rinderpest

A

Morbillivirus

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26
Q

What two diseases are seen from teh parapox viruses?

A

Bovine popular stomatitis

Contagious ecthyma (Orf)

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27
Q

What is bovine popular stomatitis characterized by?

A

Papules/plaques

Located:

Nares + Muzzle + Gingiva + Buccal Cavity + Palate + Tongue + Esophagus + Rumen + Obasum

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28
Q

What is Orf characterized by?

A

Macules + Papules + Scabs + Scars

Located:

Corners of mouth + Mouth + Udders + Teats + Coronary bands + Anus

— sometimes found in rumen + esophagus

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29
Q

What histological changes are seen with papular stomatits?

A

Cytoplasmic swelling of epithelial cells of stratum spinosum

Late stages:

Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic parapoxvirus inclusions

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30
Q

What animals is necrotizing stomatides present in?

A

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

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31
Q

What is another name for necrotizing stomatides in calves?

A

Calf diphtheria

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32
Q

What causes necrotizing stomatides?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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33
Q

Describe: Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Filamentous to Rod to Cocci

Gram (-)

Anaerobe bacteria

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34
Q

What does Noma present in?

A

Dogs

Primates

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35
Q

What is Noma?

A

Severe form of oral ischemic necrosis

Intralesional spirochetes + Fusiform bacteria

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36
Q

What type of laryngitis occurs with calf diphtheria?

A

Necrotizing laryngitis

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37
Q

What is the gross presentation of necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Dorsal surface of tongue ulcerated

Ulcers covered by diphtheric membranes

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38
Q

What breed of dog most commonly gets gingival hyperplasia?

A

Brachycephalic dogs

> 5 years old

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39
Q

What is a benign tumor of the periodontal ligament?

A

Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin

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40
Q

What tumor can arise from the rests of Malassez?

A

Acanthomatous epulis

– or –

Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of Acanthomatous epulis/ameloblastoma?

A

Aggresssive/destructive tumor

Invades bone

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42
Q

What is the rests of Malassez?

A

Epithelial tooth germ

43
Q

Where does SCC occur in cats?

A

Tongue

44
Q

Where does SCC occur in dogs?

A

tonsils

45
Q

What breeds most commonly get Melanomas?

A

Scottish terriers

Airedales

Cocker spaniels

Golden retrievers

Bedlington terriers

Duroc pigs

46
Q

What animals most commonly gte fibrosarcomas?

A

Cats

47
Q

What viruses can cause enamel hypoplasia?

A

CDV

– or –

BVDV

48
Q

What can happen in dogs that causes enamel hyoplasia?

A

Hyperthemia

49
Q

When does hyperthermia or CDV have to occur in dogs to result in enamel hypoplasia?

A

Before eruption of teeth

50
Q

When does a BDVD infection have to occur to result in enamel hypoplasia?

A

In utero

When ameloblasts are infected before enamel formation

51
Q

What is dental attrition/

A

Dental wear

with exposure of dentin OR pulp cavity

52
Q

What is dental attrition known as in horses?

A

Step mouth

– or –

Broken mouth

53
Q

What can dental attrition lead to?

A

Dental infection

54
Q

What is infundibular impaction?

A

~ dental caries

55
Q

What can infundibular impactions lead to ?

A

Pulpitis

Endodontitis

56
Q

What happens that causes infundibular impactions?

A

Feed material is ground into teeth infundibulum

Bacteria that is present there digests enamel + dentin

57
Q

What bacteria causes wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

58
Q

What animals can get wooden tongue?

A

Bovids

Equids

Small ruminants

59
Q

What happens in cases of wooden tongue?

A

Granulomatous inflammatory rxn

Progresses to fibrosis

60
Q

What is present on histological examination with wooden tongue infections?

A

Radiating, amorphic + eosinophilic clublike structures

Composed of immunoglobulines from intralesional plasma cells

61
Q

What phenomenon is seen with wooden tongue?

A

Splendore-Hoeppli

62
Q

What causes thrush?

A

Candida albicans

63
Q

What anatomical structures are infected with thrush?

A

Tongue

Esophagus

64
Q

How does thrush occur?

A

Secondary disease

Due to antibiotic treatment which kills normal flora

– and –

High sugar diet

65
Q

What is seen grossly with trush?

A

Psudomembrane of hyphae present on tongue

Normal mucosa present underneath

66
Q

What is seen grossly with wooden tongue infections?

A

Chronic inflammation will lead to loss of muscle

Replaced by fibrous tissue

Will see white bands of CT

67
Q

What is the splendore-hoeppli rxn?

A

Colony of bacteria with surrounding radiating “clubs” of immunoglobulins

68
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Motility disorder of the esophagus

69
Q

What are the two types of achalasias?

A

Cricopharyngeal

– and –

Acquired

70
Q

What breeds of dogs get cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

Miniature poodles

Cocker spaniels

Terriers

71
Q

What causes cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

Congenital

Innervation of upper schincter

72
Q

What causes acquired achalasia?

A

Visable abnormality of musculature of deglutition

73
Q

What is another name for megaesophagus?

A

Esophageal ectasia

74
Q

What causes congenital megaesophagus?

A

Partial blockage due to persistant right fourth aortic arch

Forms a ring around esophagus

75
Q

What breeds of dogs most commonly have the congenital form of megaesophagus?

A

German shepherds

Irish setters

Grey hounds

76
Q

What cause the causes of acquired megaesophagus?

A

Idiopathic

Secondary to myositis

Myathenia gravis

Hypothyroidism

Peripherial neuropathies

77
Q

What physically occurs that causes the acquired form of megaesophagus?

A

Failure of relaxation of cardiac sphicter

78
Q

What is the gross presentation of the congenital form of megaesophagus?

A

Dilation of the esophagus cranial to the heart

79
Q

What is the gross presentation of the acquired form of megaesophagus in dogs?

A

Dilated esophagus cranilas to the diaphragm

Leads to displaced right lung caudally + ventrally

80
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Protrution of the abdominal esophagus + cardia through the diaphragm into the throax

81
Q

What animals tend to get idiopathic muscular hypertrophy?

A

Horses

Pigs

82
Q

What tends to occur with idiopathic muscular atrophy of the esophagus?

A

Nothing

Rarely plays a role in esophageal impaction

83
Q

What are two common parasites that affect the esophagus?

A

Gonglyonema

– and –

Spiroceca lupi

84
Q

What does Gonglyonema affect?

A

Ruminants

Pigs

Horses

Primates

85
Q

Where in the body does Gonglyonema live?

A

Esophageal mucosa

86
Q

What animal is Spirocerca lupi most pathogenic in?

A

Canids

87
Q

What cancers can occur with Spirocerca lupi?

A

Fibrosarcoma

– and –

Osteosarcoma

88
Q

What Spirocerca lupi do once in an animal?

A

Penetrates gastric mucosa

Reaches aorta

Causes mural granulomas

Granulomas can transform into cancer

89
Q

What causes acid reflux esophagitis?

A

Erosions/Ulcerations

Due to chemical buring from reflux of stomach acid

90
Q

What is choke?

A

Esophageal obstruction due to stenosis or blockage

91
Q

What can occur with choke?

A

Circumferential pressure necrosis of the esophageal mucosa

92
Q

What is the gross presentation of acid reflux esophagitis?

A

Dark red streaks on surface of esophagus

Areas of epithelial loss secondary to gastric acid reflux

White streaks/vertially linear areas on surface of esophagus

Hyperplastic mucosal epithelium

93
Q

What is diagnostic of acid reflud esophagitis?

A

Erosions most severe in esophageal mucosa adjacent to cardia + extend to orad

94
Q

How long does it take pressure necrosis to occur with choke?

A

Longer than 2 days

95
Q

What are the neoplasias that can occur in the esophagus? (Five)

A

Papillomatosis

SCC

Leiomyomas/sarcomas

Fibrosarcomas

Lymphoma

96
Q

What neoplasias are known to occur with bracken fern consumption?

A

Papillomatosis

– and –

SCC

97
Q

Where do leiomyomas/sarcomas arise from?

A

Smooth muscle layers

98
Q

What are fibrosarcomas associated with in dogs?

A

Spirocerca lupi infestations

99
Q

What does lymphoma sporadically occur as?

A

Mural neoplasm

100
Q

What is the gross presentation of papillomatosis due to bovine papilloma virus?

A

Multiple papillomas

Characteristic of viral induced disease

Oral papillomas may be present as well

101
Q

What is the gross presentation of leiomyomas?

A

Submucosal proliferation of SM cells

Bulges into esophageal lumen

Can lead to obstructions

102
Q

What is the gross presentation of lymphoma?

A

Masses of submucosal proliferating malignant lymphocytes

Bulge into esophageal lumen

Parital obstruction

103
Q

How do you know if the esophageal mucosa is still intact with things like lymphoma?

A

Mass is smooth and shiny

Pathology II (20 decks)

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