LEC 11 - GI I + II Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four kind of GI tracts?
A
Non-ruminant herbivore
Ruminant herbivore
Carnivore
Insectivore
2
Q
What are the characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore?
A
Simple stomach
Large cecum
3
Q
What are the characteristics of a ruminant herbivore?
A
Four-chambered stomach
Large rumen
Long small/large intestine
4
Q
What are the characteristics of a insectivore’s GI tracT?
A
Short intestine
No cecum
5
Q
What are the characteristics of a carnivore’s GI tract?
A
Short intestines + colon
Small cecum
6
Q
What are the two developmental abnormalities that can occur if the mouth does fuse properly?
A
Palatoschisis
Cheiloschisis
7
Q
Describe: Palatoschisis
A
Cleft palate
8
Q
What failed to fuse with palatoschisis?
A
Lateral palatine process
9
Q
Describe: Cheiloschisis
A
Cleft lip
10
Q
What failed to fuse with Cheiloschisis?
A
Upper lip along the midline or philtrum
11
Q
What can both cleft palate + lip cause in young animals?
A
Failure to suckle
Aspiration pneumonia
12
Q
What diseases can cause vesicular stomatides?
A
FMD
Vesicular stomatitis
Vesicular exanthema of swine
Swine vesicular disease
13
Q
Viral cause: FMD
A
Picornavirus
14
Q
Viral cause: Vesicular stomatitis
A
Rhabdovirus
15
Q
Viral cause: Vesicular exanthema of swine
A
Calicivirus
16
Q
Viral cause: Swine vesicular disease
A
Enterovirus
17
Q
Animals affected: FMD
A
Ruminants +
Pigs +
18
Q
Animals affected: Vesicular stomatitis
A
Ruminants ++
Pigs +
Horses +
19
Q
Animals affected: Vesicular exanthema of Swine
A
Pigs ++
20
Q
What TYPE of viruses cause vesicular stomatitides?
A
Epitheliotropic
21
Q
Describe: Vesicular stomatitides
A
Epithelial cytolysis
Fluid accumulation
Followed by rupture of resultant vesicle
22
Q
What gross lesions are seen with vesicular stomatitides?
A
Fluid-filled vesicles
Present:
- Oral cavity
- Lips
- Rostral palate
- Tongue
— can extend to esophagus, stomach, or intestinal epi.
23
Q
What are the seven causes of erosive/ulcerative stoamtides?
A
BVD
Rinderpest
Malignant catarrhal fever
Bluetongue
Feline calicivirus
NSAID’s
Uremia ulcers
24
Q
Cause of: BVD
A
Pestivirus
25
Cause of: Rinderpest
Morbillivirus
26
What two diseases are seen from teh parapox viruses?
Bovine popular stomatitis
Contagious ecthyma (Orf)
27
What is bovine popular stomatitis characterized by?
Papules/plaques
## Footnote
Located:
Nares + Muzzle + Gingiva + Buccal Cavity + Palate + Tongue + Esophagus + Rumen + Obasum
28
What is Orf characterized by?
Macules + Papules + Scabs + Scars
## Footnote
Located:
Corners of mouth + Mouth + Udders + Teats + Coronary bands + Anus
--- sometimes found in rumen + esophagus
29
What histological changes are seen with papular stomatits?
Cytoplasmic swelling of epithelial cells of stratum spinosum
Late stages:
Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic parapoxvirus inclusions
30
What animals is necrotizing stomatides present in?
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
31
What is another name for necrotizing stomatides in calves?
Calf diphtheria
32
What causes necrotizing stomatides?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
33
Describe: Fusobacterium necrophorum
Filamentous to Rod to Cocci
Gram (-)
Anaerobe bacteria
34
What does Noma present in?
Dogs
Primates
35
What is Noma?
Severe form of oral ischemic necrosis
Intralesional spirochetes + Fusiform bacteria
36
What type of laryngitis occurs with calf diphtheria?
Necrotizing laryngitis
37
What is the gross presentation of necrotizing stomatitis?
Dorsal surface of tongue ulcerated
Ulcers covered by diphtheric membranes
38
What breed of dog most commonly gets gingival hyperplasia?
Brachycephalic dogs
\> 5 years old
39
What is a benign tumor of the periodontal ligament?
Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin
40
What tumor can arise from the rests of Malassez?
Acanthomatous epulis
-- or --
Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma
41
What are the characteristics of Acanthomatous epulis/ameloblastoma?
Aggresssive/destructive tumor
Invades bone
42
What is the rests of Malassez?
Epithelial tooth germ
43
Where does SCC occur in cats?
Tongue
44
Where does SCC occur in dogs?
tonsils
45
What breeds most commonly get Melanomas?
Scottish terriers
Airedales
Cocker spaniels
Golden retrievers
Bedlington terriers
Duroc pigs
46
What animals most commonly gte fibrosarcomas?
Cats
47
What viruses can cause enamel hypoplasia?
CDV
-- or --
BVDV
48
What can happen in dogs that causes enamel hyoplasia?
Hyperthemia
49
When does hyperthermia or CDV have to occur in dogs to result in enamel hypoplasia?
Before eruption of teeth
50
When does a BDVD infection have to occur to result in enamel hypoplasia?
In utero
When ameloblasts are infected before enamel formation
51
What is dental attrition/
Dental wear
with exposure of dentin OR pulp cavity
52
What is dental attrition known as in horses?
Step mouth
-- or --
Broken mouth
53
What can dental attrition lead to?
Dental infection
54
What is infundibular impaction?
~ dental caries
55
What can infundibular impactions lead to ?
Pulpitis
Endodontitis
56
What happens that causes infundibular impactions?
Feed material is ground into teeth infundibulum
Bacteria that is present there digests enamel + dentin
57
What bacteria causes wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
58
What animals can get wooden tongue?
Bovids
Equids
Small ruminants
59
What happens in cases of wooden tongue?
Granulomatous inflammatory rxn
Progresses to fibrosis
60
What is present on histological examination with wooden tongue infections?
Radiating, amorphic + eosinophilic clublike structures
Composed of immunoglobulines from intralesional plasma cells
61
What phenomenon is seen with wooden tongue?
Splendore-Hoeppli
62
What causes thrush?
Candida albicans
63
What anatomical structures are infected with thrush?
Tongue
Esophagus
64
How does thrush occur?
Secondary disease
Due to antibiotic treatment which kills normal flora
-- and --
High sugar diet
65
What is seen grossly with trush?
Psudomembrane of hyphae present on tongue
Normal mucosa present underneath
66
What is seen grossly with wooden tongue infections?
Chronic inflammation will lead to loss of muscle
Replaced by fibrous tissue
Will see white bands of CT
67
What is the splendore-hoeppli rxn?
Colony of bacteria with surrounding radiating "clubs" of immunoglobulins
68
What is achalasia?
Motility disorder of the esophagus
69
What are the two types of achalasias?
Cricopharyngeal
-- and --
Acquired
70
What breeds of dogs get cricopharyngeal achalasia?
Miniature poodles
Cocker spaniels
Terriers
71
What causes cricopharyngeal achalasia?
Congenital
Innervation of upper schincter
72
What causes acquired achalasia?
Visable abnormality of musculature of deglutition
73
What is another name for megaesophagus?
Esophageal ectasia
74
What causes congenital megaesophagus?
Partial blockage due to persistant right fourth aortic arch
Forms a ring around esophagus
75
What breeds of dogs most commonly have the congenital form of megaesophagus?
German shepherds
Irish setters
Grey hounds
76
What cause the causes of acquired megaesophagus?
Idiopathic
Secondary to myositis
Myathenia gravis
Hypothyroidism
Peripherial neuropathies
77
What physically occurs that causes the acquired form of megaesophagus?
Failure of relaxation of cardiac sphicter
78
What is the gross presentation of the congenital form of megaesophagus?
Dilation of the esophagus cranial to the heart
79
What is the gross presentation of the acquired form of megaesophagus in dogs?
Dilated esophagus cranilas to the diaphragm
Leads to displaced right lung caudally + ventrally
80
What is a hiatal hernia?
Protrution of the abdominal esophagus + cardia through the diaphragm into the throax
81
What animals tend to get idiopathic muscular hypertrophy?
Horses
Pigs
82
What tends to occur with idiopathic muscular atrophy of the esophagus?
Nothing
Rarely plays a role in esophageal impaction
83
What are two common parasites that affect the esophagus?
Gonglyonema
-- and --
Spiroceca lupi
84
What does Gonglyonema affect?
Ruminants
Pigs
Horses
Primates
85
Where in the body does Gonglyonema live?
Esophageal mucosa
86
What animal is Spirocerca lupi most pathogenic in?
Canids
87
What cancers can occur with Spirocerca lupi?
Fibrosarcoma
-- and --
Osteosarcoma
88
What Spirocerca lupi do once in an animal?
Penetrates gastric mucosa
Reaches aorta
Causes mural granulomas
Granulomas can transform into cancer
89
What causes acid reflux esophagitis?
Erosions/Ulcerations
Due to chemical buring from reflux of stomach acid
90
What is choke?
Esophageal obstruction due to stenosis or blockage
91
What can occur with choke?
Circumferential pressure necrosis of the esophageal mucosa
92
What is the gross presentation of acid reflux esophagitis?
Dark red streaks on surface of esophagus
Areas of epithelial loss secondary to gastric acid reflux
White streaks/vertially linear areas on surface of esophagus
Hyperplastic mucosal epithelium
93
What is diagnostic of acid reflud esophagitis?
Erosions most severe in esophageal mucosa adjacent to cardia + extend to orad
94
How long does it take pressure necrosis to occur with choke?
Longer than 2 days
95
What are the neoplasias that can occur in the esophagus? (Five)
Papillomatosis
SCC
Leiomyomas/sarcomas
Fibrosarcomas
Lymphoma
96
What neoplasias are known to occur with bracken fern consumption?
Papillomatosis
-- and --
SCC
97
Where do leiomyomas/sarcomas arise from?
Smooth muscle layers
98
What are fibrosarcomas associated with in dogs?
Spirocerca lupi infestations
99
What does lymphoma sporadically occur as?
Mural neoplasm
100
What is the gross presentation of papillomatosis due to bovine papilloma virus?
Multiple papillomas
Characteristic of viral induced disease
Oral papillomas may be present as well
101
What is the gross presentation of leiomyomas?
Submucosal proliferation of SM cells
Bulges into esophageal lumen
Can lead to obstructions
102
What is the gross presentation of lymphoma?
Masses of submucosal proliferating malignant lymphocytes
Bulge into esophageal lumen
Parital obstruction
103
How do you know if the esophageal mucosa is still intact with things like lymphoma?
Mass is smooth and shiny
