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Radiology > LEC 5,6 - SA Skull + Spine > Flashcards

LEC 5,6 - SA Skull + Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most difficult part about reading skull rads?

A

there is a lot of superimposition present

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2
Q

What should be done to prep a patient for skull rads?

A

General anesthesia
High detail film
NO grid needed
Accurate centering + collimation

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3
Q

What are the four major anatomical regions in skull rads?

A

Nasal cavity
External/middle/internal ear
Temporo-mandibular joint
Calvarium, maxilla, + mandible

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4
Q

What views should be done to get proper nasal cavity rads?

A

Lateral
Dorsoventral
Dorsoventral intraoral
Sky-line frontal sinus view

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5
Q

When is a sky-line rad done for skulls?

A

With animal has a nose bleed

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6
Q

What is the best skull rad view? Why?

A

Dorsoventral intraoral

Superimposition taken away

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7
Q

What is a common cause of infectious rhinitis in dogs?

A

Aspergillosis

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8
Q

What is a common cause of infectious rhinitis in cats?

A

Viral + Bacterial + Fungal (criptoccosis)

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9
Q

What are the neoplasias most commonly seen in a dogs nasal cavity?

A

Carcinomas + Sarcomas

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10
Q

What are the neoplasias most commonly seen in a cats nasal cavity?

A

Lymphona + Adenomacarcinoma + SCC

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11
Q

How do you know if you are seeing a bacterial infection or cancer in a dogs nose?

A

Cancer will be more focal and sided

Aspergillosis will be more diffuse

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12
Q

How can you tell if you are looking at neoplasia or rhinitis in a cat?

A

Cats tend to loose teeth on one side of skull where there is a neoplasm
Will see lysis

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13
Q

What can occur with chronic rhinitis?

A

Discharge builds up and leads to increased pressure leading to the septum being eaten away

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14
Q

Where are nasal polyps commonly seen in the cat?

A

Nasopharyngeal

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15
Q

What is the gold standard method for looking at the nasal cavity?

A

CT

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16
Q

What types of neoplasms are we looking for in ears?

A

Cerumonious gland tumor
SCC
Basal cell carcinoma

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17
Q

What cat radiographs be used for in the ear?

A

External ear canal

Middle ear

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18
Q

What can CT be used for in the ear?

A

External ear canal

Middle/inner ear - bone

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19
Q

What can MRI be used for in the ear?

A

External ear canal

Middle/inner ear - soft tissue

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20
Q

What radiographic views are done for the ear?

A

Dorso-ventral
Lateral
Obliques
Open-mouth

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21
Q

What are you looking for when you look at the tympanic bulla?

A

Opacity
Thickness
Intact or not

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22
Q

What changes can be seen in the external ear?

A

Narrowing of the canal
Distrophic calcification
Bone destruction
Soft tissue swelling

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23
Q

What changes can be seen in the middle ear?

A

TB contour
Presence of bony proliferation/osteolysis
Increased radiopacity within TB

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24
Q

Why is it good to use an MRI when a tumor is suspected in the nasal cavity?

A

To see if there is intracranial involvement of the tumor

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25
Q

What should be done to prepare the patient for spinal rads?

A 
Complete examination 
Sedation 
BECAREFUL 
Good collimation 
GRID
26
Q

What is done to ensure accurate position in spinal xrays?

A

Cushions placed under nose, neck and waist to make sure back is completely straight

27
Q

What is a myelography used for?

A

see delineation of the spinal cord

28
Q

Why should you be cautious with using myelography?

A

Complications

Seizures, worsen symptoms, and injure the spinal cord

29
Q

What is CT good for when imaging the spine?

A

Mineralized disc extrusions
Vertebral tumors
Cervical spondylomyelopathy

30
Q

When is a CT myelography good for when imaging the spine?

A

To see exact location/extension of lesion

31
Q

What cannot be seen with CT myelography?

A

Spinal cord parenchymal lesions

32
Q

What is the gold standard for neuro imaging?

A

MRI

33
Q

When is MRI good to use for spinal imaging?

A

Parenchymal spinal cord lesions
– and –
LS disease

34
Q

What animals tend to have hemivertebra?

A

Brachiocephalic dogs

35
Q

What is hemivertebra?

A

Malformation of the spine - “screw tail “

dog can be okay as long as spinal cord is not compressed

36
Q

What can cause subluxation of the dens?

A

Hypoplastic dens
– or –
Ligament tare

37
Q

What animals tend to have a hypoplastic dens?

A

Toy breeds

38
Q

What occurs with the subluxation of the dens?

A

Caudodorsal displacement of C2

39
Q

What is the roentgen description of ventral spondylosis?

A

Smooth bony proliferation
From vertebral endplates
May bridge

40
Q

What can cause ventral spondylosis?

A

Idiopathic
Degenerative disc disease
Instability
Inflammation/metabolic disease

41
Q

When is caudal ventral spondylosis worse upon examination?

A

extension

42
Q

When is cranial ventral spondylosis worse upon examination?

A

flexion

43
Q

What is another name for ventral spondylosis?

A

Diffuse idiopathy hyperostos…

44
Q

What is intervertebral disc disease?

A

Degeneration of disc resulting in protrusion/extrusion of disc material into spinal cord

45
Q

What animals most commonly get IVDD?

A

Chondrodystrophoid breeds

46
Q

Where is IVDD least likely to occur in the spine?

A

Cranial + Mid-thoracic spine

47
Q

When is a bone spur considered spondylosis?

A

when they meet and fuse

48
Q

What is the progression of symptoms in a dog with IVDD?

A

Brachioception
Paralyzed
Loss of deep pain sensation

49
Q

How do you know a dog has type 1 IVDD?

A

Acute loss of function

50
Q

How do you know a dog has type 2 IVDD?

A

Painful

51
Q

Which type of IVDD is visable on x-ray?

A

Type 1

52
Q

What structures are affected on xray with dogs that have IVDD?

A

Disc space
Foramen
Vertebral canal

53
Q

What abnormalities are seen in the disc space on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?

A

Narrowed

54
Q

What abnormalities are seen in the foramen on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?

A

Decreased size
– and –
Increased opacity

55
Q

What abnormalities are seen in the vertebral canal on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?

A

Increased opacity

56
Q

What is the real name fro wobbler syndrome?

A

Cervical spondylomyelopathy

57
Q

What is wobbler syndrome?

A

Developmental disease that causes compression of the spinal cord

58
Q

What animals are prone to wobbler syndrome?

A

Great danes
Dobermans
Some horses

59
Q

What are the roentgen signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A 
DJD of articular facets 
Vertebral body malformation 
Subluxation 
Narrowed disc space 
Narrowed spinal canal 
 Cord compression
60
Q

What three things cause diskospondylitis?

A

Staph. aureus
E. Coli
Brucella

61
Q

What are the roentgen signs of diskospondylitis?

A

Lysis of endplates

Bony proliferation or/and sclerosis adjacent to lysis

62
Q

What are the three worst things that occur in the spine?

A

Fracture luxations
Diskospondylosis
Cancer

Radiology (21 decks)

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