LEC 5,6 - SA Skull + Spine Flashcards
What is the most difficult part about reading skull rads?
there is a lot of superimposition present
What should be done to prep a patient for skull rads?
General anesthesia
High detail film
NO grid needed
Accurate centering + collimation
What are the four major anatomical regions in skull rads?
Nasal cavity
External/middle/internal ear
Temporo-mandibular joint
Calvarium, maxilla, + mandible
What views should be done to get proper nasal cavity rads?
Lateral
Dorsoventral
Dorsoventral intraoral
Sky-line frontal sinus view
When is a sky-line rad done for skulls?
With animal has a nose bleed
What is the best skull rad view? Why?
Dorsoventral intraoral
Superimposition taken away
What is a common cause of infectious rhinitis in dogs?
Aspergillosis
What is a common cause of infectious rhinitis in cats?
Viral + Bacterial + Fungal (criptoccosis)
What are the neoplasias most commonly seen in a dogs nasal cavity?
Carcinomas + Sarcomas
What are the neoplasias most commonly seen in a cats nasal cavity?
Lymphona + Adenomacarcinoma + SCC
How do you know if you are seeing a bacterial infection or cancer in a dogs nose?
Cancer will be more focal and sided
Aspergillosis will be more diffuse
How can you tell if you are looking at neoplasia or rhinitis in a cat?
Cats tend to loose teeth on one side of skull where there is a neoplasm
Will see lysis
What can occur with chronic rhinitis?
Discharge builds up and leads to increased pressure leading to the septum being eaten away
Where are nasal polyps commonly seen in the cat?
Nasopharyngeal
What is the gold standard method for looking at the nasal cavity?
CT
What types of neoplasms are we looking for in ears?
Cerumonious gland tumor
SCC
Basal cell carcinoma
What cat radiographs be used for in the ear?
External ear canal
Middle ear
What can CT be used for in the ear?
External ear canal
Middle/inner ear - bone
What can MRI be used for in the ear?
External ear canal
Middle/inner ear - soft tissue
What radiographic views are done for the ear?
Dorso-ventral
Lateral
Obliques
Open-mouth
What are you looking for when you look at the tympanic bulla?
Opacity
Thickness
Intact or not
What changes can be seen in the external ear?
Narrowing of the canal
Distrophic calcification
Bone destruction
Soft tissue swelling
What changes can be seen in the middle ear?
TB contour
Presence of bony proliferation/osteolysis
Increased radiopacity within TB
Why is it good to use an MRI when a tumor is suspected in the nasal cavity?
To see if there is intracranial involvement of the tumor
What should be done to prepare the patient for spinal rads?
Complete examination Sedation BECAREFUL Good collimation GRID
What is done to ensure accurate position in spinal xrays?
Cushions placed under nose, neck and waist to make sure back is completely straight
What is a myelography used for?
see delineation of the spinal cord
Why should you be cautious with using myelography?
Complications
Seizures, worsen symptoms, and injure the spinal cord
What is CT good for when imaging the spine?
Mineralized disc extrusions
Vertebral tumors
Cervical spondylomyelopathy
When is a CT myelography good for when imaging the spine?
To see exact location/extension of lesion
What cannot be seen with CT myelography?
Spinal cord parenchymal lesions
What is the gold standard for neuro imaging?
MRI
When is MRI good to use for spinal imaging?
Parenchymal spinal cord lesions
– and –
LS disease
What animals tend to have hemivertebra?
Brachiocephalic dogs
What is hemivertebra?
Malformation of the spine - “screw tail “
dog can be okay as long as spinal cord is not compressed
What can cause subluxation of the dens?
Hypoplastic dens
– or –
Ligament tare
What animals tend to have a hypoplastic dens?
Toy breeds
What occurs with the subluxation of the dens?
Caudodorsal displacement of C2
What is the roentgen description of ventral spondylosis?
Smooth bony proliferation
From vertebral endplates
May bridge
What can cause ventral spondylosis?
Idiopathic
Degenerative disc disease
Instability
Inflammation/metabolic disease
When is caudal ventral spondylosis worse upon examination?
extension
When is cranial ventral spondylosis worse upon examination?
flexion
What is another name for ventral spondylosis?
Diffuse idiopathy hyperostos…
What is intervertebral disc disease?
Degeneration of disc resulting in protrusion/extrusion of disc material into spinal cord
What animals most commonly get IVDD?
Chondrodystrophoid breeds
Where is IVDD least likely to occur in the spine?
Cranial + Mid-thoracic spine
When is a bone spur considered spondylosis?
when they meet and fuse
What is the progression of symptoms in a dog with IVDD?
Brachioception
Paralyzed
Loss of deep pain sensation
How do you know a dog has type 1 IVDD?
Acute loss of function
How do you know a dog has type 2 IVDD?
Painful
Which type of IVDD is visable on x-ray?
Type 1
What structures are affected on xray with dogs that have IVDD?
Disc space
Foramen
Vertebral canal
What abnormalities are seen in the disc space on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?
Narrowed
What abnormalities are seen in the foramen on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?
Decreased size
– and –
Increased opacity
What abnormalities are seen in the vertebral canal on x-ray in dogs with IVDD?
Increased opacity
What is the real name fro wobbler syndrome?
Cervical spondylomyelopathy
What is wobbler syndrome?
Developmental disease that causes compression of the spinal cord
What animals are prone to wobbler syndrome?
Great danes
Dobermans
Some horses
What are the roentgen signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy?
DJD of articular facets Vertebral body malformation Subluxation Narrowed disc space Narrowed spinal canal Cord compression
What three things cause diskospondylitis?
Staph. aureus
E. Coli
Brucella
What are the roentgen signs of diskospondylitis?
Lysis of endplates
Bony proliferation or/and sclerosis adjacent to lysis
What are the three worst things that occur in the spine?
Fracture luxations
Diskospondylosis
Cancer
