LEC 12 - Cardiac

Question 1

Normal Dog Cardiac Size: Lateral view

Answer 1

2.5 to 3.5

Question 2

Normal Dog Cardiac Size: VD view

Answer 2

2/3 width of thorax

Question 3

Normal Dog Cardiac Size: Buchanan method

Answer 3

10 to 10.5

Question 4

What is the VHS that determines disease is occurring?

Answer 4

11

Question 5

What does a VHS between 10.5 and 10.9 tell you?

Answer 5

Normal unless patient is presenting with signs of cardiac problems

Question 6

Normal Feline Cardiac Size: Lateral view

Answer 6

2.5 ICS

Question 7

Normal Feline Cardiac Size: Ventral view

Answer 7

1/2 width of thorax

Question 8

Normal Feline Cardiac Size: Buchanan method

Answer 8

Lateral = 8 
VD = 4 vertebrae wide

Question 9

What happens with obese cats and their cardiac x-rays?

Answer 9

Can no longer see heart

Question 10

What does an aortic notch tell you?

Answer 10

Nothing, this is normal
Do not confuse with PDA
It is due to the orientation of the heart when taking xray

Question 11

What happens to an older cats heart?

Answer 11

Tends to sag somewhat in the chest

Question 12

What is the normal VHS score for a cat?

Answer 12

4.0

Question 13

What is different about using VHS for a cat?

Answer 13

It is a sensitive test but not specific

Question 14

What shape do you want the heart on lateral radiography?

Answer 14

Almond, curved border

Question 15

What is the gold standard for imaging the heart?

Answer 15

Echocardiogram

Question 16

What type of hypertrophy is seen on a radiograph? Why?

Answer 16

Eccentric is seen on xray.

Concentric is not because growth is occurring into the lumen so the overall size of the heart remains unchanged

Question 17

What is the most common form of heart disease?

Answer 17

Left sided enlargement

Question 18

What determines if the left sided heart disease is now heart failure?

Answer 18

Pulmonary edema

Question 19

Why is enlargement only still only considered heart disease?

Answer 19

heart is still able to compensate

Question 20

What is seen on an xray with left sided enlargement, laterally?

Answer 20

Dorsal deviation of the left main stem bronchi

Straightening of caudodorsal heart border

Question 21

What are the two common causes of left-sided cardiomegaly?

Answer 21

Mitral valve disease

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 22

What animal tends to get mitral valve disease?

Answer 22

small dogs

Question 23

What animal tends to get dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 23

Large dogs

Question 24

What left atrialcardiomegaly is most common in cockers?

Answer 24

Both are equally common (MVD + DCM)

Question 25

What is seen on an xray with left sided enlargement, VD view?

Answer 25

Bulge at 2 to 3:00 position = left auricle | Abaxial devial of main stem bronchi

Question 26

What is seen on the lateral view with left ventricle enlargement?

Answer 26

Dorsal deviation of trachea -- and -- Elongated heart

Question 27

What is seen on the VD view with left ventricle enlargement?

Answer 27

Convex left heart border -- and -- Round apex

Question 28

What are the lateral/VD descriptions of a right atrium enlargement?

Answer 28

Lateral: Convex craniodorsal heart border VD: Rounding/enlargement of right crainla border

Question 29

What are the lateral/VD descriptions of a right ventricle enlargement?

Answer 29

Lateral: Dorsal deviation of apex Sternal contact VD: Rounded shape Reverse D

Question 30

What are four common causes of generalized cardiomegaly?

Answer 30

Cardiomyopathy Pericardial effusion Chronic mitral/tricuspid insufficiency PPDH

Question 31

What fungus can cause pericardial disease?

Answer 31

Valley fever

Question 32

What is an important radiological finding that would suggest PDA?

Answer 32

PDA bump

Question 33

What happens with left heart failure?

Answer 33

Pulmonary vein enlargement Cardiogenic pulmonary edema = perihilar + caudodorsal pulmonary opacity Poor LV function

Question 34

What is seen in dogs with Right sided failure?

Answer 34

Ascities

Question 35

What is seen in cats with left sided failure?

Answer 35

Pleural free fluid

Question 36

What is seen in cows with left sided failure?

Answer 36

Jugular distention

Question 37

When can you have heart failure but no changes in heart size?

Answer 37

Dobermans Boxers Arrythmias

Question 38

When are x-rays of the heart useful?

Answer 38

Lung disease - pattern and location | Overall heart shape and size

Question 39

When is an echo of the heart most useful?

Answer 39

Wall thickness | Chamber diameter

Question 40

When is lasix ok to give to a heart failure patient?

Answer 40

When pulmonary edema is present

Question 41

When pulmonary edema is not yet present in a cardiac failure patient what should they be given?

Answer 41

Enalapril only