LEC 11 - Lungs

Question 1

What are the four main causes of decreased opacity in the lungs?

Answer 1

Technical - overexposed/developed
Hyperinflation
Hypovascular
Pneumothorax

Question 2

What four lung patterns are seen with disease?

Answer 2

Alveolar
Bronchial
Structured interstitial
Unstructured interstitial

Question 3

What is the main radiographic sign for alveolar pattern?

Answer 3

Border effacement

Question 4

What is the main radiographic sign for bronchial pattern?

Answer 4

bronchi become very clear

Question 5

What is the main radiographic sign for structured interstitial?

Answer 5

Round nodules

Question 6

What is the main radiographic sign for unstructured interstitial?

Answer 6

Hazy diffuse

Question 7

What is the most rare pulmonary pattern to see?

Answer 7

Unstructured intersitital

Question 8

What causes border effacement?

Answer 8

Two structures touch

Lose the distinct border that was present between them

Question 9

What are some structures that are affected by border effacement?

Answer 9

Outer bronchial wall
Heart
Diaphragm
Pulmonary vessels

Question 10

What is lobar alveolar pattern?

Answer 10

Alveolar pattern contained within one lobe

Question 11

What is an air bronchogram?

Answer 11

Can see large bronchi still

Question 12

What are the five main causes of alveolar pattern in the lungs?

Answer 12

Hemorrhage 
Edema 
Lymphoma 
Pus 
Atelectasis

Question 13

What are the three main causes behind edema in the lungs?

Answer 13

Hydrostatic
Oncotic
Increased vessel permeability

Question 14

What are examples of hydrostatic pressure that cause edema in the lungs?

Answer 14

Cardiac
Left-sided heart failure
Fluid overload

Question 15

What is a reason for increased vessel permeability?

Answer 15

Toxins + Uremia + Sepsis + Neurogenic

Question 16

What two major disease should you watch carefully when giving fluids?

Answer 16

Renal failure
– and –
Sepsis

Question 17

What can cause left sided heart failure?

Answer 17

Degenerative disease
– and –
Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 18

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Perihilar

Answer 18

Left-sided congestive heart failure

Question 19

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Caudal Dorsal

Answer 19

Neurogenic

Question 20

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Anywhere

Answer 20

Noncardiogenic/neurogenic

Cats = Cardiogenic

Question 21

What is the most common type of cancer in a dogs lungs?

Answer 21

Lymphoma

Question 22

Where is cancer most commonly found in a dogs lung?

Answer 22

Anywhere

Question 23

What does cancer in the lungs look similar to?

Answer 23

Pneumonia - but wont respond to antibiotics

Question 24

What are common cancers that can be seen in a cat’s lung?

Answer 24

Primary lung neoplasia
–a nd –
Bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 25

What is the most common distribution of cancer in a cats lung?

Answer 25

Caudal dorsal

Question 26

What are the three major causes of pneumonia?

Answer 26

Bacterial Viral Fungal

Question 27

What are common fungus that cause Pneumonia?

Answer 27

Blasto Histo Cocci

Question 28

What are the three ways that bacteria get to the lung to cause pneumonia?

Answer 28

Aspiration Non-aspiration Hematogenous

Question 29

When a cat's lung xrays present with non-consolidating patchy appearance?

Answer 29

Mycoplasma pneumonia Primary lung neoplasia Cardiogenic edema

Question 30

With a bronchial pattern what do the bronchi look like?

Answer 30

Thickened More opaque Dilated

Question 31

What is a normal change that could appear as a bronchial pattern?

Answer 31

Old age - | Dystrophic mineralization of walls

Question 32

What two radiographic signs are common with bronchial patterns?

Answer 32

Railroad tracts -- and -- Donuts

Question 33

What are two common diseases that cause bronchial pattern?

Answer 33

Asthma -- and -- Bronchietasis

Question 34

What is common to see in cats with asthma?

Answer 34

Pleural fissure lines

Question 35

What is bronchietasis?

Answer 35

Bronchi become dialated Loss of cilia Increased mucous Destruction of bronchial wall

Question 36

What are the two main causes of bronchiectasis?

Answer 36

Congenital -- and -- Acquired

Question 37

What are three ways that cat asthma can present on a x--ray?

Answer 37

Hypolucent Collapsed lungs Thickening of bronchi

Question 38

What are the three nodule types?

Answer 38

Miliary Nodule Masses

Question 39

What are the five possible causes of nodules on an xray?

Answer 39

``` Cyst Hematoma Abcess Neoplasia Granuloma ```

Question 40

What are three possible causes behind a solitary structured interstitial pattern?

Answer 40

Metastases Granuloma Abscesses

Question 41

What is three common causes behind a cavitated appearance on x-ray?

Answer 41

Necrosis Primary neoplasia + Granuloma + Abscess Air bullae

Question 42

What are the two common causes of unstructured interstitial pattern?

Answer 42

Pulmonary -- and-- Lymphoma