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Radiology > LEC 11 - Lungs > Flashcards

LEC 11 - Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main causes of decreased opacity in the lungs?

A

Technical - overexposed/developed
Hyperinflation
Hypovascular
Pneumothorax

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2
Q

What four lung patterns are seen with disease?

A

Alveolar
Bronchial
Structured interstitial
Unstructured interstitial

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3
Q

What is the main radiographic sign for alveolar pattern?

A

Border effacement

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4
Q

What is the main radiographic sign for bronchial pattern?

A

bronchi become very clear

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5
Q

What is the main radiographic sign for structured interstitial?

A

Round nodules

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6
Q

What is the main radiographic sign for unstructured interstitial?

A

Hazy diffuse

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7
Q

What is the most rare pulmonary pattern to see?

A

Unstructured intersitital

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8
Q

What causes border effacement?

A

Two structures touch

Lose the distinct border that was present between them

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9
Q

What are some structures that are affected by border effacement?

A

Outer bronchial wall
Heart
Diaphragm
Pulmonary vessels

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10
Q

What is lobar alveolar pattern?

A

Alveolar pattern contained within one lobe

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11
Q

What is an air bronchogram?

A

Can see large bronchi still

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12
Q

What are the five main causes of alveolar pattern in the lungs?

A 
Hemorrhage 
Edema 
Lymphoma 
Pus 
Atelectasis
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13
Q

What are the three main causes behind edema in the lungs?

A

Hydrostatic
Oncotic
Increased vessel permeability

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14
Q

What are examples of hydrostatic pressure that cause edema in the lungs?

A

Cardiac
Left-sided heart failure
Fluid overload

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15
Q

What is a reason for increased vessel permeability?

A

Toxins + Uremia + Sepsis + Neurogenic

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16
Q

What two major disease should you watch carefully when giving fluids?

A

Renal failure
– and –
Sepsis

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17
Q

What can cause left sided heart failure?

A

Degenerative disease
– and –
Dilated cardiomyopathy

18
Q

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Perihilar

A

Left-sided congestive heart failure

19
Q

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Caudal Dorsal

A

Neurogenic

20
Q

Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Anywhere

A

Noncardiogenic/neurogenic

Cats = Cardiogenic

21
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in a dogs lungs?

A

Lymphoma

22
Q

Where is cancer most commonly found in a dogs lung?

A

Anywhere

23
Q

What does cancer in the lungs look similar to?

A

Pneumonia - but wont respond to antibiotics

24
Q

What are common cancers that can be seen in a cat’s lung?

A

Primary lung neoplasia
–a nd –
Bronchogenic carcinoma

25
Q

What is the most common distribution of cancer in a cats lung?

A

Caudal dorsal

26
Q

What are the three major causes of pneumonia?

A

Bacterial
Viral
Fungal

27
Q

What are common fungus that cause Pneumonia?

A

Blasto
Histo
Cocci

28
Q

What are the three ways that bacteria get to the lung to cause pneumonia?

A

Aspiration
Non-aspiration
Hematogenous

29
Q

When a cat’s lung xrays present with non-consolidating patchy appearance?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia
Primary lung neoplasia
Cardiogenic edema

30
Q

With a bronchial pattern what do the bronchi look like?

A

Thickened
More opaque
Dilated

31
Q

What is a normal change that could appear as a bronchial pattern?

A

Old age -

Dystrophic mineralization of walls

32
Q

What two radiographic signs are common with bronchial patterns?

A

Railroad tracts
– and –
Donuts

33
Q

What are two common diseases that cause bronchial pattern?

A

Asthma
– and –
Bronchietasis

34
Q

What is common to see in cats with asthma?

A

Pleural fissure lines

35
Q

What is bronchietasis?

A

Bronchi become dialated
Loss of cilia
Increased mucous
Destruction of bronchial wall

36
Q

What are the two main causes of bronchiectasis?

A

Congenital
– and –
Acquired

37
Q

What are three ways that cat asthma can present on a x–ray?

A

Hypolucent
Collapsed lungs
Thickening of bronchi

38
Q

What are the three nodule types?

A

Miliary
Nodule
Masses

39
Q

What are the five possible causes of nodules on an xray?

A 
Cyst 
Hematoma 
Abcess 
Neoplasia 
Granuloma
40
Q

What are three possible causes behind a solitary structured interstitial pattern?

A

Metastases
Granuloma
Abscesses

41
Q

What is three common causes behind a cavitated appearance on x-ray?

A

Necrosis
Primary neoplasia + Granuloma + Abscess
Air bullae

42
Q

What are the two common causes of unstructured interstitial pattern?

A

Pulmonary
– and–
Lymphoma

Radiology (21 decks)

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