LEC 11 - Lungs Flashcards
What are the four main causes of decreased opacity in the lungs?
Technical - overexposed/developed
Hyperinflation
Hypovascular
Pneumothorax
What four lung patterns are seen with disease?
Alveolar
Bronchial
Structured interstitial
Unstructured interstitial
What is the main radiographic sign for alveolar pattern?
Border effacement
What is the main radiographic sign for bronchial pattern?
bronchi become very clear
What is the main radiographic sign for structured interstitial?
Round nodules
What is the main radiographic sign for unstructured interstitial?
Hazy diffuse
What is the most rare pulmonary pattern to see?
Unstructured intersitital
What causes border effacement?
Two structures touch
Lose the distinct border that was present between them
What are some structures that are affected by border effacement?
Outer bronchial wall
Heart
Diaphragm
Pulmonary vessels
What is lobar alveolar pattern?
Alveolar pattern contained within one lobe
What is an air bronchogram?
Can see large bronchi still
What are the five main causes of alveolar pattern in the lungs?
Hemorrhage Edema Lymphoma Pus Atelectasis
What are the three main causes behind edema in the lungs?
Hydrostatic
Oncotic
Increased vessel permeability
What are examples of hydrostatic pressure that cause edema in the lungs?
Cardiac
Left-sided heart failure
Fluid overload
What is a reason for increased vessel permeability?
Toxins + Uremia + Sepsis + Neurogenic
What two major disease should you watch carefully when giving fluids?
Renal failure
– and –
Sepsis
What can cause left sided heart failure?
Degenerative disease
– and –
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Perihilar
Left-sided congestive heart failure
Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Caudal Dorsal
Neurogenic
Alveolar Pattern Distribution: Anywhere
Noncardiogenic/neurogenic
Cats = Cardiogenic
What is the most common type of cancer in a dogs lungs?
Lymphoma
Where is cancer most commonly found in a dogs lung?
Anywhere
What does cancer in the lungs look similar to?
Pneumonia - but wont respond to antibiotics
What are common cancers that can be seen in a cat’s lung?
Primary lung neoplasia
–a nd –
Bronchogenic carcinoma
What is the most common distribution of cancer in a cats lung?
Caudal dorsal
What are the three major causes of pneumonia?
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
What are common fungus that cause Pneumonia?
Blasto
Histo
Cocci
What are the three ways that bacteria get to the lung to cause pneumonia?
Aspiration
Non-aspiration
Hematogenous
When a cat’s lung xrays present with non-consolidating patchy appearance?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Primary lung neoplasia
Cardiogenic edema
With a bronchial pattern what do the bronchi look like?
Thickened
More opaque
Dilated
What is a normal change that could appear as a bronchial pattern?
Old age -
Dystrophic mineralization of walls
What two radiographic signs are common with bronchial patterns?
Railroad tracts
– and –
Donuts
What are two common diseases that cause bronchial pattern?
Asthma
– and –
Bronchietasis
What is common to see in cats with asthma?
Pleural fissure lines
What is bronchietasis?
Bronchi become dialated
Loss of cilia
Increased mucous
Destruction of bronchial wall
What are the two main causes of bronchiectasis?
Congenital
– and –
Acquired
What are three ways that cat asthma can present on a x–ray?
Hypolucent
Collapsed lungs
Thickening of bronchi
What are the three nodule types?
Miliary
Nodule
Masses
What are the five possible causes of nodules on an xray?
Cyst Hematoma Abcess Neoplasia Granuloma
What are three possible causes behind a solitary structured interstitial pattern?
Metastases
Granuloma
Abscesses
What is three common causes behind a cavitated appearance on x-ray?
Necrosis
Primary neoplasia + Granuloma + Abscess
Air bullae
What are the two common causes of unstructured interstitial pattern?
Pulmonary
– and–
Lymphoma
