Learning Theories

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

BF Skinner-method of learning that uses reinforcement and punishments for b/hr. association is made b/w a b/hr and a consequence for that b/hr. association is made between a behavior and a consequence.

Question 2

Shaping

Answer 2

use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Pavlov-learning associated to unconditioned stimulus that brings a particular response with a new conditioned stimulus (neutral stimulus)-eventual neutral stimulus brings the same response

Question 4

Extinction

Answer 4

occurs if condition stimulus is presented and there was no reinforced response or if the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus were no longer repeatedly paired

Question 5

Social Learning Theory

Answer 5

Bandura: people learn form one another via observation, imitation and modeling.

Question 6

reciprocal determination

Answer 6

Individuals are both products and producers of own environment and social system-Bandura

Question 7

Triadic Reciprocal Causation

Answer 7

personal factors, behaviors and environment all interact bi-directionally-Bandura

Question 8

Self-Efficacy

Answer 8

belief one can learn and has the capabilities to learn

Question 9

4 sources of self efficacy

Answer 9

personal performance, vicarious observational learning, social persuasion, physiological states and reactions

Question 10

Thorndike’s Laws

Answer 10

Law of exercise, law of effect, law of readiness, law of trial and error

Question 11

2 parts of law of exercise

Answer 11

Use and disuse

Question 12

Trial and Error

Answer 12

learning occurs incrementally by trial and error

Question 13

Constructivist theory

Answer 13

discovery learning. student constructs knowledge for themselves

Question 14

8 elements of Constructivist learning

Answer 14

1. knowledge is constructed, people learn to learn as they learn, learning is an active process, learning is a social activity, learning is contextual, knowledge is personal, learning exist in the mind, motivation is key

Question 15

Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 15

Piaget-learning is a cycle of assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium and assimilation and so on

Question 16

equilibrium in Piaget’s theory

Answer 16

state of balance b/w mental schema and environment

Question 17

assimilation in Piaget theory

Answer 17

we take in new information and experiences and incorporate them into our existing knowledge

Question 18

Accomodation in Piaget’s theory

Answer 18

reorgainziation of what you know-changing pervious schemas

Question 19

schema

Answer 19

way to organize knowledge and ideas

Question 20

Paiget’s 4 stages of development

Answer 20

Sensorimotor (birth - 2years); pre-operational (2 years -7); concrete operational (7-11); formal operational (11-adult)

Question 21

pre-operational

Answer 21

time to develop more schemas-think symbolically, egocentric but as language develops rapidly b/m less egocentric

Question 22

Concrete operational

Answer 22

Language and abstract thinking skills increase-working things out in head. language b/ms social

Question 23

Formal operational

Answer 23

Extension of concrete-greater abstract thinking and reasoning

Question 24

Social Cultural Theory-Vygotsky

Answer 24

Cognitive development depends on interaction with others in an environmental stimulating developmental pricess

Question 25

Zone of proximal development

Answer 25

those who know more share that knowledge with those who know less-share cultural tools and interactions in the ZPD to produce cognitive change. proximal refers to those skills that the learner is close to mastering. To learn must be presented with a task just out of our ability level

Question 26

Watson

Answer 26

father of behaviorism-emphasis on external b/hr of people and their reactions on given situations rather internal mental state

Question 27

Bioecological System Theory

Answer 27

Brofennbrenner: Child at the center and affects and is affected by settings spends most time in. Child development determined by what experiences in settings. nature and nurture play a role in development.

Question 28

Bioecological System Theory Structure 5 layers

Answer 28

Microsystem (layer closet to the child-child helps construct these settings) Mesosystem-connection b/w structures of microsystems, Exosystem-layer that doesn’t interact directly w/ child. macrosystem-outer most layer composed of culture, values and customs and laws. Chronosystem-dimension of time

Question 29

What is Thorndike and connectionism

Answer 29

part of operant condition: examines strengthening and weakening behaviors by changing consequences.

Question 30

What is equilibrium in Piaget’s theory

Answer 30

balance between mental schemas and environment-expectations based on prior knowledge fit with new knowledge

Question 31

What is equilibration

Answer 31

ongoing process that refines and transforms mental constructions-basis of cognitive development (cycle of learning in Piaget’s theory and happens when equilibrium is at the optimal state.)

Question 32

How much information can a person hold in short term memory

Answer 32

7 chunks plus or minus 3