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Pediatrics > Learning Difficulties > Flashcards

Learning Difficulties Flashcards

1
Q

How are learning disorders diagnosed?

A

DSM, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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2
Q

What are specific learning disorders?

A

neurodevelopmental learning disabilities than begin during school-age but may not be recognized until adulthood

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3
Q

What areas are affected by specific learning disorders?

A

reading, writing, math

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4
Q

What percentage of school aged children have a specific learning disorder?

A

5-15%

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5
Q

Of students with specific learning disorders what percent have language based disabilities aka dyslexia?

A

80%

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6
Q

Of students with specific learning disorders how many also have problems with attention?

A

1/3

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7
Q

What gender has more specific learning disorders?

A

males>females

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8
Q

What is necessary for diagnosing a specific learning disorder?

A

difficulties for 6+ months despite help

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9
Q

What are examples of specific learning disorder difficulties?

A

reading, comprehension, spelling, written expression, understanding number concepts, mathematical reasoning

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10
Q

How do specific learning disorders affect school?

A

skills below age expected and cause problems in school/work

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11
Q

Specific learning disorders are not due to…

A

intellectual disability, vision or hearing problems, neurological condition, economic or environmental disadvantage, lack of instruction, language barriers

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12
Q

What are risk factors for learning disabilities?

A

FMHx, malnutrition, low birth weight, neonatal complications, maternal drug use during pregnancy

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13
Q

What does dyslexia mean in greek?

A

difficult speech, but generally term used for reading not speech issue

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14
Q

What is a theory of dyslexia?

A

right brain strengths aka conceptual reasoning not left brain strengths (spelling, reading, writing)

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15
Q

What is a definition of dyslexia?

A

difficulty connecting letters seen on a page with the sounds they make, reading becomes a slow, effortful process and not fluent

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16
Q

What is true of visual deficits in children with developmental dyslexia?

A

those with dyslexia had more accommodative, oculomotor, and vergence problems than those without dyslexia

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17
Q

What is dysphonesia?

A

spelling errors that are not phonetic, problem with attacking words phonetically

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18
Q

What are characteristics of dysphonesia?

A

child may make semantic substitutions when reading, unfamiliar words are difficult, difficulty with rules of phonics and maybe good recollection of words

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19
Q

What is dyseidesia?

A

spelling errors are phonetic, reading is slow because child has to decode phonetically

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20
Q

What are characteristics of dyseidesia?

A

irregularly spelled words are more difficult, reading laborious, whole word coding problems

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21
Q

T/F there can dyslexia in 1 language but not another

A

true, english lots of dyslexia, turkish/chinese less dyslexia

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22
Q

T/F optometrists can diagnose dyslexia

A

false OD cannot diagnose dyslexia

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23
Q

Why may ODs help with dyslexia?

A

dyslexia is a multi-sensory problem, can address visual aspect

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24
Q

Who does most of the treatment for dyslexia?

A

speech/language pathologist with possible some vision therapy for visual components

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25
Q

What are the two common dyslexia treatments?

A

orton-gillingham and wilson reading system

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26
Q

What does dyslexia treament involve?

A

multisensory tasks- seeing, touching, saying, hand movements, sound cards, word cards, syllabic drills

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27
Q

What are outside tests to ID learning/reading problems?

A

psychoeducational test aka standardized tests, comparison of children to peers, assessment of Hx, cognitive function, academic achievement and emotional function

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28
Q

What is Weschler IQ testing?

A

Full scale is broken down into performance and verbal

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29
Q

What is performance IQ?

A

perceptual organization and processing speed

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30
Q

What is verbal IQ?

A

verbal comprehension and working memory

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31
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet IQ test?

A

Full scale IQ broken down into non verbal and verbal IQ with 10 subtests

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32
Q

T/F nonverbal and performance IQs are basically the same thing

A

true, the opposite of verbal

33
Q

Why should you compare verbal and performance scores?

A

prognosis for therapy- verbal deficit=language based, performance deficit= OD help with perceptual tests

34
Q

What is the average IQ?

A

100 +/- 15 aka 85-115

35
Q

What percentile is between +1 and -1 SD from the mean in normal distribution?

A

16%ile to 84%ile

36
Q

What percent is between +1 and -1 SD from the mean in a normal distribution?

A

68%

37
Q

What percent is between +2 and -2 SD from the mean and what %ile?

A

95% aka 2%ile to 98%ile

38
Q

What is the raw score in standardized testing?

A

actual number correct/incorrect, need to use raw score to determine the percentile rank or grade/age equivalent

39
Q

What does a raw score not tell you?

A

how a child did in relation to others

40
Q

What is a percentile ranking ?

A

comparison relative to 100 children NOT percent correct

41
Q

What is grade equivalency?

A

grade level for this child based on testing

42
Q

What is age equivalency?

A

age level for this child based on testing

43
Q

What percentile is average?

A

50%

44
Q

What is low average and high average in percentiles?

A

-1 and +1 SD from average aka 16%ile to 84%ile

45
Q

What is a standard score?

A

set of scores with the same mean and SD so they van be compared, ex: IQ, mean=100 SD=15, can convert to percentile from a table

46
Q

What is a scaled score?

A

scale 1-19, mean score 10 aka 50%ile, SD 3

47
Q

What are tests that use scaled scores?

A

WISC, TVPS

48
Q

How can a scaled score be determined?

A

from a Z score, 10+ 3Z

49
Q

Can a scaled score be considered to a percentile from a table?

A

yes

50
Q

How do you calculate Z scores?

A

raw score-mean/standard deviation

51
Q

What percentile is Z=0?

A

50%ile

52
Q

What percentile is Z=+1?

A

84%ile

53
Q

What percentile is Z=-1?

A

16%ile

54
Q

Why might time be a negative Z score?

A

because the time is slow/high

55
Q

What four things are involved in academic success?

A

IQ, acuity/accommodation/vergence/oculomotor , visual perceptual, environment

56
Q

What constitutes environment in relation to academic success?

A

access, language, attendance, hunger

57
Q

What is an IEP?

A

individualized education plan

58
Q

What law established IEP?

A

individuals with disabilities education act 2006 aka IDEA

59
Q

What children are eligible for special education services?

A

autism, hearing impaired, vision impaired, emotionally disturbed, brain injury, multiple disability, orthopedic disability

60
Q

What does IDEA ensure?

A

children with disabilities have free, appropriate, public education that emphasizes special education and related services to meet their unique needs, prepare for further education, employment etc

61
Q

What does an IEP do?

A

addresses child’s unique learning issues, specialized instruction and services, legally binding, only for public schools, reviewed annually

62
Q

Which is legally binding, IEP or 504?

A

IEP

63
Q

Who writes and IEP report?

A

parents, teacher, special ed teacher, school district representatitve, school psychologist child if 16+, outside professional (OD), friend, interpreter

64
Q

What do IEP reports contain?

A

test results=present level of performance, measurable goals, accommodations/modification to learning/special services

65
Q

What is the legal basis of 504 plan?

A

Section 504 of rehabilitation act of 1973 aka federal civil rights law prohibits discrimination against public school students with disabilit/handicap

66
Q

What does a 504 plan do?

A

levels the playing field

67
Q

Who is eligible for a 504 plan?

A

physical/mental impairment (walk, see, read, write, self-care, speak) also covers ADHD, and learning disabilities

68
Q

How does a 504 plan compare to an IEP?

A

less detailed, annual review is not required, reviews information from a doctor exam/observations, and makes recommendations

69
Q

What specialists may ODs refer to for language disabilities?

A

developmental pediatrician, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech language pathologist

70
Q

What does a developmental pediatrician do?

A

developmental, behavioral, learning related problems, if child’s behavior is very behind for expected age

71
Q

What does an occupational therapist do?

A

works on fine motor skills, activities of daily living, sensory issues

72
Q

What does a physical therapist do?

A

works on gross motor skills, balance problems, CP, CVA

73
Q

Who might an OD get a referral from?

A

OT or PT if head tilt

74
Q

What does a speech language pathologist do?

A

helps with pronunciation problems, reading problems, history of frequent ear infections

75
Q

What are symptoms of acuity problems?

A

blurry vision, squinting

76
Q

What are symptoms of binocularity problems?

A

double vision, words move, HA when reading, cover eye, rereads, tired when reading

77
Q

What are symptoms of accommodation?

A

blurry vision when reading, N–>F and F–>N blur, HA when reading, red eyes, tired

78
Q

What are symptoms of oculomotors?

A

loss of place, rereads, uses fingers

Pediatrics (22 decks)

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