Learning and Memory

Question 1

Shaping and Preparedness

Answer 1

Pavolv’s Experiment,,, can be food + bell. or food, behavior, + bell.

Question 2

Type 1 Error

Answer 2

False Positive… rejecting the null… meaning there is a significant event

Question 3

Null Hypothesis

Answer 3

States, “nothing significant is happening”

Question 4

Type 2 Error

Answer 4

Not rejecting the bull hypothesis (False Negative).

Question 5

Interesting Error Situation: A study testing whether a new drug improved dementia symptoms in Alzheimer’s patients found that the drug had a positive effect in reducing symptom severity. However, a replication study later rejected this finding. Assuming one of the studies has committed an error, which of the following scenarios could account for this apparent contradiction?

Answer 5

The contradiction in the studies could be accounted for if the first study made a type I error or the replication study made a type II error. Your answer is correct :) Since the first study rejected the null hypothesis, if they made a type I error (false positive) then it would agree with the second study. If the second study made a type II error (false negative), then it would agree with the first study.

Question 6

Punishment

Answer 6

Something done to make a behavior stop.

Question 7

Reinforcement

Answer 7

Something done to make you form a behavior…. Negative Reinforcement - baby starts crying and you know you have to feed it, change, hold it to make the crying stop…. you learned/added a behavior so this is an reinforcement.. negative because you decrease an unwanted (crying).

Question 8

Give an example of dishibituation

Answer 8

Applying a shock to a sea cucumber after if stops responding to brushing it.

Question 9

To determine the independence of events (or not) you have to:

Answer 9

multiply the percentages of the events separately… such as dad smoking = 40% and mom smoking = 6% …. so since .4 x .06 = 2.4% , anything 2.4% or less will be considered independent events… but if percentage of parents as both smokers is say 4%, then there is no independence from having a mom smoking or just a dad smoking…

Question 10

Mirror Neurons

Answer 10

This is the best explanation for what one could measure using an fMRI. These neurons are active when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.

Question 11

Conditioned response

Answer 11

Something you learn to do because of something else. you’ve trained your body to wake up when you have to pee.

Question 12

Unconditioned response

Answer 12

Something you do because of something else… i.e. a loud bell rings so you wake up = unconditioned

Question 13

Self Reference Effect

Answer 13

We tend to recall information best if we can put it into the context of our own lives when encoding it, a phenomenon called the self-reference effect.

Question 14

Retroactive Interference.

Answer 14

Retroactive interference is when new information causes forgetting of old information.

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Discrimination is occurring for the horse as it learns the difference between the stick and the brush, two similar but distinct stimuli, and has distinct responses between them. Remember differentiation is biological, not psychological.

Question 16

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 16

Elaborative rehearsal strengthens an individual’s belief that a memory is true by recruiting details from the semantic network. Elaborative rehearsal, like when participants were repetitively interviewed to recount the details of a false memory until it was committed to long-term memory, led to incorporation of details that were not initially present.

Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over….

Basically, think about going deep when making sense of something you learn

Question 17

The most ethical thing someone can do after an experiment is to…

Answer 17

Post-experimental debriefing

Post-experimental debriefing is a fairly standard intervention used for experiments like this one, and is necessary in ensuring that the four tenets of American medical ethics are followed.

Question 18

Ratios vs Intervals

Answer 18

Ratios are rewarding a behavior (where its every time you do it right, every 5th time you do it right, or some fluxuating amount of times to get a reward).

Intervals pay you out no matter if you are doing the right behavior or not… but can also vary or be fixed on a schedule just like ratios.

Question 19

Escape Learning

Answer 19

This is occurring if you are trying to completely avoid some adverse stimulus.

Question 20

Avoidance Learning

Answer 20

Avoidance learning is an increase in behavior designed to prevent unpleasantness from something that will happen in the future.

Question 21

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 21

Maintenance rehearsal keeps information in either the short-term memory or working memory, but does not specifically refer to the process of moving information into the long-term memory

Maintenance Rhearsal is repeating information by talking it out or thinking about it for a short term to increase chances of it being placed in short term memory

Question 22

Whole reporting memory task

Answer 22

Whole report is a technique used to test sensory memory and is not related to long-term memory storage..

Basically, you look at a list of random things and try to remember it all.

Question 23

Encoding Information is

Answer 23

Storing it.

Question 24

Associative Learning

Answer 24

Learning that if I do A, I then get B.

Learning via pairing

Question 25

Latent Learning

Answer 25

Learning a new task to get some new reward.

Question 26

Controlled Processing

Answer 26

This suggests and active form of memorization, which is consistent with controlled processing.

Question 27

Automatic Processing

Answer 27

Passive

Question 28

Things about spontaneous recovery:

Answer 28

It never comes back as strong as the initial conditioned response after prior extinction… it comes back, but on a lower level as you’re kind of more subconscious than conscious about it.

Question 29

Context Effects

Answer 29

Are things that you can add to a contxt of some time or situation or place…. i.e. the lavendar smelll made remembering items in a room easier.

“oh, that’s that lavendar room shit”.

Question 30

Audio encoding vs. Visual Encoding strength

Answer 30

Auditory encoding is stronger than visual encoding.

Question 31

Primacy effect is stronger than…..

Answer 31

recency effect (last stuff on the list), and the personalization of stuff on a list when its in the middle.

Question 32

Clustering

Answer 32

Is like Chunking stuff together… like numbers.

Question 33

Spreading Activation

Answer 33

associating things with other facts or words..

garden you think of when you hear hoe, tool, dirt, flowers

Question 34

Key distinction from dishabituation and spontaneous recovery

Answer 34

Dishabituation can happen where you learn to habituate, and then something happens, and now you revert to before you habituated..

Spontaneous recovery happens after extinction, but extinction only happens when the old stimulus is not present anymore…. if the stimulus is always there, but you dont respond to it, you habituated it… if you come back to notice it again, it is not spontaneous recovery, but only dishabituation because the stimulus was never gone! It was always there, youjust stopped noticing.

Spontaneous recovery then is like when you dont see dogs for a while after being attacked so you dont freak out anymore… you then see a big ass Doberman named Cochise who loves to tackle you, and you start to freak out again (even though Cochise is just trying to play).

Question 35

State Dependence

Answer 35

Mental or emotional state of being as a cue for memory recall.

Question 36

Context effect

Answer 36

Being in the same physical location where the memory was first made

Question 37

Spacing effect

Answer 37

Memories are easier to remember if you go back and study them again after they are learned once, but the more time that passes between study sessions, the more you will remember. So don’t cram! Space out your study sessions.

Question 38

Serial position effect

Answer 38

Where an item appears on a list affects whether people can recall the item. The first few and last few items on the list are easiest to remember.

Question 39

Procedural Memory

Answer 39

Learning hwo to do task i.e. riding a bike, making an engine, etc

Question 40

Reaction Formation

Answer 40

Reaction formation is a defensive process in which intense emotional experiences are dealt with by a person showing an exaggerated opposite emotion.

Question 41

Priming

Answer 41

Priming often depends on unconscious (implicit) memory of previous experiences, which commonly shape one’s behavior even when one is not aware of it.

Question 42

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 42

Synaptic pruning is the weakening of neural pathways that are old or go unused and strengthening new ones.

Question 43

Watson’s “Little Albert” study

Answer 43

This study was a generalization study. A dog associated its fear of white rats to be generalized to anything white.

Question 44

Sherif’s Robbers Cave study

Answer 44

The purpose of the experiment was to show how conflict between groups leads to discriminatory behavior and prejudice….

Two groups at a summer camp were once working together, but then placed against each other,, as separates they began to become more and more hostile.

Question 45

Zimbardo’s Stanford prison study

Answer 45

The Stanford prison experiment is about how people assume roles when placed in a new situation…

21 college students played gaurds and prisoners and took on the roles they assumed each played.

Question 46

Milgram’s shock experiment

Answer 46

Milgram’s experiment is about obedience to authority and an individual’s ability to harm another person when told to do so by an authority figure.

Question 47

Optimal Arousal Theory

Answer 47

If Arousal surpasses the optimal level (via negative stereotype or something else..) then my performance is worsened.

Question 48

Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome

Answer 48

according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, people’s response to various stressors is similar.