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Psych/Soc > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

Howard Gardner says westerners favor what type of intelligences?

A

Linguistics and Logical-Mathematics

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The sound of the language…. i.e. Americans in Boston SOUND differently than a Cowboy in Texas

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3
Q

Morphology

A

The structure of the words such adding an prefixes and suffixes like -ing, -ed, -ly, pre-, post -, . Should remain constant across all dialects.

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4
Q

Syntax

A

The same word can often carry multiple meanings depending on word order… Can vary according to placement…. Sentence Structure i.e…… Can I play with boy vs. Play with boy I can.

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5
Q

Pragmatics

A

Pragmatics refers to the context and sounds of a word used in speech and is a fluid quality of a word, meaning that it changes with context.

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6
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

involved in dreaming and is measuring random, widespread activation of neural circuitry,…. can be best studied with fMRI

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7
Q

Dopamine Reward Pathway: (mesolimbic reward pathway)

A

Starts at ventral tegmental area —–> nucleus accumbens and the connector is themedial forebrain bundle

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

Assimilation is the process of classifying new information (i.e. properties of the new element) into existing schemata (i.e. the periodic table trends)…. assimilate = to bring into

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9
Q

Recognition

A

Recognition is the process of identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing schemata to encompass new information. This would be correct if the properties of the new element were used to adjust the trends of the periodic table. …… accomodate = to change because of

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11
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that our perception of reality is determined by the content of our language.

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12
Q

Social Interactionism

A

making this up kinda…. brain getting reinforcement from normal interaction and communication

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13
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

The arcuate fasciculus connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area. Damage results in conduction aphasia, marked by the inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension….. basically it is a bridge between the two areas… If you cannot “Repeat after me”, then you may have a lesion in that region…. leads to conduction aphasia

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14
Q

Semantics

A

What the meaning of a word means… and how it could change depending on context.

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15
Q

K complexes

A

Drastic drop in voltage that occur during Stage 2 of sleep

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16
Q

Theta Waves

A

Lower frequency, high voltage waves found in Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep

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17
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

Small and rapid oscillations in voltage readings

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18
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

Describes how EEG readings during REM sleep mimic those of someone who is awake

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19
Q

REM Sleep

A

Sometimes called paradoxical sleep: the mind appears close to awake on EEG, but the person is asleep; eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage

Brief periods of awakening are often interspersed within periods of REM sleep, where arousal levels already reach that of wakefulness

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20
Q

Stages 3 and 4

A

Deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS); delta waves predominate on EEG; most sleep disorders occur during Stage 3 and 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep; dreaming in SWS focuses on consolidating declarative memories.

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21
Q

Stage 2

A

Slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

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22
Q

Stage 1

A

Light sleep and is dominated by theta waves on EEG

Stage 1 sleep is detected on the EEG by the transition of alpha waves to theta waves, which are characterized by irregular forms of waves with slower frequencies and higher voltages.

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23
Q

Schemata

A

Associations one has among information, concepts, behaviors, etc.

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24
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of classifying NEW information into existing schemata

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25
Heuristics
Simplified principles used to make decisions; also called rules of thumb
26
Information Processing
A decision making or problem solving model in which thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli .. it does not talk about how information is compartmentalized and sorted... just that it is encoded and stored.
27
Baby Talking Stages
* **9 to 12 months—**Babbling * **12 to 18 months—**Increase of about one word per month * **18 to 20 months**—“Explosion of language” and combining words (two-word sentences) * **2 to 3 years**—Longer sentences of three or more words * **5 years**—Language rules largely mastered
28
Neurocognitive Theory
is concerned with the subjective experience of dreaming and the physiology of dreaming
29
Shaping
In operant conditioning, the process of conditioning a complicated behavior (such as language) by rewarding successive approximations of the behavior
30
Learning Theory
Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
31
Nativism
Theory credited to Noam Chomsky that posits the existence of an innate capacity for language, referred to as the language acquisition device
32
Alpha Waves
Alpha waves occur when a person relaxes before sleeping. Can be awake, but relaxing with eyes closed
33
Beta Waves
Beta waves occur while a person is awake and alert, focused on a task. Have a high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration
34
Delta Waves
Are low-frequency, high-voltage sleep waves, which are characteristics of the deep sleep of Stages 3 and 4
35
Dynamic Filtering
Is the process of excluding information depending on the demands of the task
36
Preservation
Involves the continuation of a certain belief or rule-set even when there is evidence to contrary
37
Working Memory
Allows information to be held in one's head for several minutes
38
Task Switching
Involves the ability to change activities
39
Cognitive Processing Theory
In cognitive process dream theory, dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness. * Proposes that wakeful and dreaming states use the same mental systems within the brain, particularly stream-of-consciousness
40
Activation-synthesis theory
In the activation–synthesis theory, dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry.
41
Problem Solving Dream Model
Indicates that dreams are used to solve problems while sleeping due to untethering of dreams from obstacles perceived while awake
42
Neurocognitve Theorist
Seek to unify cognitive and biological perspectives by correlating the subjective dream experience with the physiological experience of dreaming
43
Time spent in REM Sleep based on Age
* \<1 years old spends 50% time in REM * 1-5 years old spends slightly under 50% time in REM * 6-12 years old spends about 35-40% time in REM * 13-20 years old spends about 30% time in REM * 20+ years old spends about 20% time in REM
44
Circadian Rhythm
This is not adjusted in children until after 16 weeks.
45
Physiological Anomalies of Dreaming (REM Sleep)
Aside from rapid eye movements, the dream state is characterized by rapid brain waves along with cardiovascular and respiratory irregularities. * An EEG readout displays uninterrupted alpha waves, and an EKG shows irregular heart rhythms and breathing.
46
REM rebound
This occurs after long periods of sleep deprivation. The body has increased amounts of REM sleep to make up for lost REM... nothing else (no extra slow wave sleep)
47
Representativeness Heuristic
The representativeness heuristic involves categorizing items based on fitting the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category, such as males being better at math.
48
Inductive Reasoning
A form of cognition that utilizes generalizations to develop a theory
49
Availability Heuristic
A shortcut in decision-making that relies on the information that is most readily available, rather than the total body of information on a subject
50
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's theory claims that, in the zone of proximal development, one can further develop his or her skills by working with someone who is more knowledgeable in the relevant domain (also known as a more knowledgeable other). ## Footnote Refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills successfully requires the help of a "more knowledgeable other." Examples of this concept include a child struggling to ride a bicycle independently may be successful with the help and guidance of a parent.
51
Piagets Stages and Ages
sensorimotor stage (from birth until roughly age 2) preoperational stage (ages 2–7) concrete operational (7–11) Formal Operational 12+
52
Hypnopompic hallucinations
Hallucinations that occur when awakening from sleep; seen in narcolepsy
53
Sleep paralysis
Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake
54
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorder in which a person may cease to breathe while sleeping; may be due to obstruction or a central (neurological) cause
55
Identity shift effect
When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group, followed by a corresponding identity shift to reduce cognitive dissonance
56
Prejudice
An irrational negative, or occasionally positive, attitude toward a person, group, or thing, which is formed prior to an actual experience and is affective
57
Group polarization
Is the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme then the thoughts of the individual group members
58
Confirmation bias
The tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them
59
Conseravtion
Conservation is the understanding that the shape of an object or the number of pieces it is divided into does not affect the total amount of the object. my example: If you took a hammer and smashed a watermelon, you still know all the pieces of the watermelon make it whole, even if it is all scattered.. such is the principle of conservation
60
Intuition
The ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence
61
Emotion
Refers to making decisions that might have subjective meaning, either positive or negative
62
Opiates
These compounds bind to opioid receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system, causing a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria
63
Hallucinogens
These drugs typically cause distortions of reality and fantasy, enhancement of sensory experiences, and introspection

Psych/Soc (14 decks)

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