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Self Psychology/Sociology > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding?

A

Refers to the process of putting new information into memory

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2
Q

Automatic processing

A

Information gained without effort. Things such as noticing temperature, keeping track of route your’e taking, and passively absorbing information from the environment.

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3
Q

Controlled processing

A

Effortful processing. Active memorization and study. The way you should study for school. Flashcards, study guides, things like that.

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4
Q

Visual encoding

A

Visualizing information

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5
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Store the way information sounds

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6
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Putting information into meaningful context

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7
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

The reputation of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short term and eventually long term memory

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8
Q

Method of loci

A

Associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized.

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9
Q

Peg word system

A

Associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.

Two and shoe. Three with a tree. Etc

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10
Q

Chunking or clustering

A

Memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

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11
Q

Sensory memory

A

Fleeting type of memory storage. Consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory. Comes from things that we see and hear and lasts for a short time and eventually fades quickly unless it is attended to.

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12
Q

Short term memory

A

Similar to sensory memory. Usually only lasts approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal. Usually has a capacity of 7 items.

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13
Q

Where is short term memory housed?

A

The hippocampus.

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14
Q

Working memory

A

Similar to short term memory cause it’s housed by the hippocampus. Enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information

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15
Q

Long term memory

A

Information that we are able to recall on demand, sometimes for the rest of our lives. Housed in the hippocampus but also the cerebral cortex

2 types: Implicit and explicit

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16
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

The association of information to knowledge already stored in long term memory. Associated with being able to relate the information to our own lives

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17
Q

Implicit memory

A

Our skills and conditioned responses. Non declarative.

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18
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative. Those memories that require conscious recall. Divided into semantic facts memory and episodic experiential memory

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19
Q

Recognition

A

Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previous learned. Good for multiple choice tests

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20
Q

Relearning

A

You are able to learn something/recall something better and easier once you have already learned about it

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21
Q

Spacing effect

A

Explains why cramming isn’t as effective as spacing out studying over extended period of time.

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22
Q

Semantic network

A

Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning.

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23
Q

Context effects

A

A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when a person is in the location where encoding took place

24
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard.

25
Q

False memory

A

an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur

26
Q

State dependent memory/effect

A

A person’s mental state can affect recall. You forget things you learn while intoxicated. A foul mood primes negative memories. Etc.

27
Q

Serial position effect

A

Retrieval cue that appears while learning lists. Participants have much higher recall for both the first fe and last few items on list.

That is known as the primary and recency effect

28
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in the neurons that link the hippocampus

29
Q

Sundowning

A

Increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

30
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. Marked by both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

31
Q

Retrograde amnesia vs anterograde amnesia

A

Retrograde: Loss of previously formed memories

Anterograde memories: Inability to form new memories.

32
Q

Confabulation

A

Process of creating vivid but fabricated memories.

33
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds. Caused by some sort of physical damage, such as a stroke or multiple sclerosis

34
Q

What is interference? What are the different types?

A

Interference is a retrieval cue error caused by the existence of some other usually similar information.

Proactive interference: Old information interfering with new learning

Retroactive interference: New information causes you to forget old information

35
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

The confusion between semantic and episodic memory. Someone remembers the details of an event but confuses the context under which those details were gained.

36
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

37
Q

Dishabituation

A

Defined as the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.

38
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An unconditioned stimulus that brings an innate or reflexive response

39
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

Stimuli that doesn’t produce a reflexive response

40
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A normally neutral stimulus that through association, now causes a reflex response

41
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response from a conditioned stimulus

42
Q

Acquisition

A

Part of classical conditioning. The process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

43
Q

Generalization

A

Broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce a conditioned response

44
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli–like 2 different tones of bells for dogs

45
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors

46
Q

Positive reiforcement

A

Increases of behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior. Money is a good example, people won’t work if they are paid

47
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Act similarly in that they increase the frequency of behavior, but they do so by removing something unpleasant Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache

48
Q

Escape learning

A

Role of the behavior is to reduct the unpleasantness of something that already exists

49
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.

50
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior

51
Q

Negative punishment

A

The reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed.

Parent forbidding child from watching TV as a consequence of bad behavior, hoping it wont happen again.

52
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

53
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior after varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant

54
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

55
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying amount of time

56
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

57
Q

Observational learning

A

Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

Self Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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