Cognition and language

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

The actual sound of language.

For example there are about 40 speech sounds or phonemes in English

Question 2

Categorical perception

Answer 2

Being able to learn subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not. Being able to distinguish one sound from another

Question 3

Morphology

Answer 3

The structure of words. Many words are composed of multiple building blocks called morphemes.

For example. Re-, or pre-, or -ed

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

Association of meaning with a word. Understanding the difference between “woman” and “mommy” for example

Question 5

Syntax

Answer 5

Refers to how words are put together to form sentences. Noticing the effects of word order

Question 6

Pragmatics

Answer 6

Dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

The manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship to that audience

Question 7

Prosody

Answer 7

Rhythm, cadence and inflection of our voices

Question 8

9-12 months

Answer 8

Babbling

Question 9

12 to 18 months

Answer 9

Learn about one new word per month

Question 10

18 to 20 months

Answer 10

“Explosion of language” and combining words

Question 11

2 to 3 years

Answer 11

Longer sentences (3 words or more)

Question 12

5 years

Answer 12

Language rules largely mastered

Question 13

Nativist (biological theory) of language

Answer 13

There is an innate ability and capacity in children to learn language.

Question 14

When is the critical period of language acquisition

Answer 14

Between 2 years and puberty

Question 15

Learning (behaviorst) theory

Answer 15

Language acquisition by operant conditioning. Babies have a strong preference for phonemes in the language spoken by their parents. Language acquisition through reinforcement

Question 16

Social interactionist theory

Answer 16

Focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes. Language is driven by a child’s desire to communicate and behave in a social manner.

Question 17

Broca’s area

Answer 17

Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls the motor function of speech

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

Located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe, is responsible for language comprehension

Question 19

What connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

Answer 19

Arcuate fasciculus: a bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

Question 20

Aphasia

Answer 20

Deficit of language production or comprehension

Can have either Broca’s or Wernicke’s Aphasia

Question 21

Conduction aphasia

Answer 21

The patient is unable to repeat something that has been said because the connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area are compromised

Question 22

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 22

1. 0-2 years: Sensorimotor stage
2. 2-6/7: Pre-operational stage
3. 7-11: Concrete operational stage
4. 12-up: Formal operational stage

Question 23

0-2 years Piaget

Answer 23

Sensorimotor stage

Gather information about the world through senses and moving
Learn how to move and how to use their senses

Question 24

2-7 Piaget

Answer 24

Pre-operational stage

Pretend play, imagination
Use symbols for things
Learn sybmolization

Question 25

7-11 Piaget

Answer 25

Concrete operational

Conservation stage
Able to learn math

Question 26

12 up Piaget

Answer 26

Formal operational stage

Form abstract thoughts
Learn consequences
Learn how to reason

Question 27

What is assimilation?

Answer 27

Incorporating information into a schema that you already have.

Question 28

What is accommodation?

Answer 28

Changing and creating new schema’s.

A child calls a raccoon a dog, they then have to learn that it’s not a dog, but a raccoon.

Question 29

What is a schema?

Answer 29

Mental framework that develops from our experiences

Question 30

Availability vs representativeness in decision making

Answer 30

Availability is things already in your mind

Representativeness is thinking of a prototype of a certain idea

Question 31

2 main theories of intelligence

Answer 31

1. Intelligence is a single unified array of skills (G factor theory)
2. Intelligence is multiple unique sets of skills