Learning and Decision Making Flashcards
Learning
Permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skills that result from experience
Explicit Knowledge
Codified knowledge found in documents, databases, etc.
- Easy to communicate and teach
Tacit Knowledge
Intuitive knowledge and knowhow rooted in context and experience
- More difficult to communicate – gained with experience
- situation specific
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Extinction
Positive Reinforcement
desired behavior –> add positive outcome
(participate in class –> get extra credit)
Negative Reinforcement
desired behavior –> remove negative outcome
(participate in class –> less homework)
Punishment
undesired behavior –> add negative outcome
(use phone in class –> have to vacuum classroom)
Extinction
undesired behavior –> remove positive outcome
(use phone in class –> lose 10 points)
Best types of reinforcement for management
Positive reinforcement
Extinction
Timing of Reinforcement
Continuous or Partial Reinforcement
- Interval(Time) or Ratio(Behavior) based
- Fixed or Variable schedule
(Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio)
Best learning outcomes
- Continuous (every desired behavior - unrealistic)
- Variable Ratio (based on variable number of desired behaviors)
Social Learning Theory
People learn by observing the actions of others and engaging in similar behaviors
(Bobo doll)
Goal Orientation
predispositions or attitudes toward learning and performance that influence how you learn
Types of Goal Orientations
- Learning (building competence is more important than demonstrating competence)
- Performance-prove (demonstrating competence so others think favorably of them)
- Performance-avoid (demonstrating competence so others don’t think poorly of them)
Effectiveness of Goal Orientations
- Learning (positive effects - self confidence)
- Performance-prove (mixed effects)
- Performance-avoid (detrimental effects - anxiety and fear)
