learning Flashcards
orienting response
inborn tendency to notice and respond surprising events
immediate responses to changes in our environment
superior colliculus
receives input from retina and directs the eye
involved in rapid eye movements
habituation
responding to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
sensitisation
increased responsiveness to an event that has been repeated
increased neuronal reposes in fear and cognitive circuitries
PTSD
one of the symptoms has a greater reactivity to stimuli especially those related to the original trauma
panic attacks
occur due to sensitivity about environmental or bodily stimuli
classical conditioning
the signalling properties of events
predictive relations between 2 events
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that automatically leads to a response poor to training
unconditioned response
the response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of the US
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning
conditioned response
the acquired response produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the US
acquiring the connections
CS should function as a signal that the US is about to occur
most effective when it comes before the US and the US follows closely after
stimulus generalisation
responding to a new stimulus in a way that is similar to the response produced by an established CS
stimulus discrimination
resounding differently to a new stimulus than one that responds to an established CS
extinction
presenting a CS repeatedly, after conditioning, without the US results in a loss of response
systematic desensitisation
lateral nuclei
receives sensory information, which arrives directly at the temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and primary auditory cortex
then processed by the basolateral complex and sent to the output, the central nucleus of the amygdala
basolateral amygdala
with the nuclues accumbens mediate the pavlovian instrumental transfer in which a classical conditioning stimulus modifies operant behaviour
emotions are a biological function
channeled through the amygdala which triggers a physiological response
direct pathway
from sense organs to the sensory thalamus and from there to the amygdala
thalamo-amygdala projection
direct pathways
quick, instinctive
emotional response
corticoamygdala
indirect pathway
sensory cortical areas connected to the amygdala
provides context for processing emotional information
structures currently thought to be the most important for emotional processing
limbic system
prefrontal cortex
anterior cingulate
insula
amygdala
emotional response
hormonal secretion
memory
fear and emotional learning
directing attention
cingulate gyrus
sensory input connecting emotions and regulations of aggressive behaviour
fornix
a band of nerve fibres
connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus
hippocampus
memory processing
contextual information is important in emotional regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
hypothalamus
quick processing of emotional information
regulation of automatic phenomena
endocrine reactions - fight or flight response
retrosplenial cortex
part of the prosterior cingulate cortex
evaluative function
interactions between emotional and cognitive processes
input info about emotional and motivational signified =e of ongoing stimuli and events
orbitofrontal cortex
representations of rewards and punishments
involved on the emotional and social behaviour
dorsolaternal PFC
working memory of attentional control
representation of goal directed behaviours
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
basic positive and negative affective statements
R parietal lobes
understanding and comprehending emotion
aspects of communication related to tone of voice
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
inability to apprehend the motivational and emotional significance of stimuli
bilateral amygdala damage
post cancer treatment
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
learning consequences of ones own voluntary actions
law of effect - if a response is followed by a satisfying consequence the response is strengthened and vice versa
reinforcement
consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a particular way
postive reinforcement
something given after a response
increases that response
negative reinforcement
something removed after a response
increase in that response
consequence
decreases the likelihood of responding in a particular way
positive punishment
something given after a response
decrease that response
negative punishment
something is removed after a response
decrease in that response
ventral tegmental area
the dopamine factor
nucleus accumbens
receives dopamine
controls satiety and inhibition of inner desires
alcohol, opioids and cannabis
inhibits action of GABA neurons
leads to unregulated release of dopamine
amphetamines and nicotine
activate the release of dopamine into the brain
cocaine
blocks the processes which dopamine is removed from synapses this ensures a continued state of euphoria
