LD & Autism Flashcards
approximately __% of the US population has a learning disability
15-20
This model takes into account individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning and information processing. students are identified as having LD when their profiles are markedly uneven.
intraindividual difference model
Attention & EF weaknesses in ASD include
disengaging/shifting attention, planning, inhibition, working memory, monitoring performance, flexibility, initiation
Individuals with autism are thought to have ____, which contributes to difficulties in the integration of info from the environment into a meaningful whole.
weak central coherence
Model that argues for the presence of two single-deficit subtypes of reading disabilities with more limited reading deficits and one “double-deficit” subtype with more pervasive and severe deficits
double-deficit model of reading disabilities
misalignment of numbers or place value errors in decimals.
visuospatial
Among individuals with early-onset LD who have received interventions by early elementary, deficits in __ and/or ___ can improve: however, weaknesses in __, __. and __ tend to persist.
word reading accuracy, calculation, phonological processing, automaticity of word rec, reading fluency
which dyscalculia subtype? use of developmentally immature procedures or errors in execution of procedures
procedural
approximately ___% of students with a primary LD have an LD in reading and language processing
85
____ is characterized by early typical development until 6-18 months, significant deterioration of motor and social skills, loss of purposeful hand movements which are replaced by repetitive hand mannerisms, and progressive cerebral atrophy.
Rett’s Disorder
Males are about ___ times as likely as females to have reading disabilities.
1.5
The male to female ratio approaches ___ in those with ASD and moderate/severe ID
2:1
The presence of LD confers greater risk for ___, especially among __ students.
drop-out, low-income
Young children who are just learning math skills have greater activation in the ___ regions, whereas older adolescents and adults demonstrate decreased dependence on __ and ___ mediated by __ regions.
prefrontal, working memory, attention, prefrontal
__ to ___% of children with ASD show regressive onset.
20-47%
Comorbidity of ASD and ID is __%.
40-70%
Deficits in reading comprehension tend to improve among individuals who have had direct instruction in methods to develop __, __, and ___.
vocabulary, reading fluency, strategy use
Which dyscalculia subtype? deficient, inaccurate, inconsistent arithmetic fact retrieval
semantic
In autism brain size is ___ or ___ at birth, followed by ___ than average brains after 24 months, then, slowed growth that returns the brain to ___ size.
normal or slightly smaller, larger, normal
Studies examining adults with ASD showed around ___% had “poor” or “very poor” outcome. __% were rated as having “good” or “very good” outcomes.
50, 20
The neural signature of dyslexi
underactivation in Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, striate cortex, and overactivation of inferior frontal gyrus on phonological tasks
Intervention for ASD appears to have the greatest likelihood for success if begun prior to age __.
5
Neuropsychological skills most likely to be impaired in math disabilities (7)
attention, EF (planning, org, problem solving), processing speed, working memory, visuospatial skills, semantic knowledge, retrieval speed
Some emerging research has demonstrated that training in ___ can be useful as a compensatory strategy in adults with dyslexia.
morphological awareness
