LD & Autism

Question 1

approximately __% of the US population has a learning disability

Answer 1

15-20

Question 2

This model takes into account individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning and information processing. students are identified as having LD when their profiles are markedly uneven.

Answer 2

intraindividual difference model

Question 3

Attention & EF weaknesses in ASD include

Answer 3

disengaging/shifting attention, planning, inhibition, working memory, monitoring performance, flexibility, initiation

Question 4

Individuals with autism are thought to have ____, which contributes to difficulties in the integration of info from the environment into a meaningful whole.

Answer 4

weak central coherence

Question 5

Model that argues for the presence of two single-deficit subtypes of reading disabilities with more limited reading deficits and one “double-deficit” subtype with more pervasive and severe deficits

Answer 5

double-deficit model of reading disabilities

Question 6

misalignment of numbers or place value errors in decimals.

Answer 6

visuospatial

Question 7

Among individuals with early-onset LD who have received interventions by early elementary, deficits in __ and/or ___ can improve: however, weaknesses in __, __. and __ tend to persist.

Answer 7

word reading accuracy, calculation, phonological processing, automaticity of word rec, reading fluency

Question 8

which dyscalculia subtype? use of developmentally immature procedures or errors in execution of procedures

Answer 8

procedural

Question 9

approximately ___% of students with a primary LD have an LD in reading and language processing

Answer 9

85

Question 10

____ is characterized by early typical development until 6-18 months, significant deterioration of motor and social skills, loss of purposeful hand movements which are replaced by repetitive hand mannerisms, and progressive cerebral atrophy.

Answer 10

Rett’s Disorder

Question 11

Males are about ___ times as likely as females to have reading disabilities.

Answer 11

1.5

Question 12

The male to female ratio approaches ___ in those with ASD and moderate/severe ID

Answer 12

2:1

Question 13

The presence of LD confers greater risk for ___, especially among __ students.

Answer 13

drop-out, low-income

Question 14

Young children who are just learning math skills have greater activation in the ___ regions, whereas older adolescents and adults demonstrate decreased dependence on __ and ___ mediated by __ regions.

Answer 14

prefrontal, working memory, attention, prefrontal

Question 15

__ to ___% of children with ASD show regressive onset.

Answer 15

20-47%

Question 16

Comorbidity of ASD and ID is __%.

Answer 16

40-70%

Question 17

Deficits in reading comprehension tend to improve among individuals who have had direct instruction in methods to develop __, __, and ___.

Answer 17

vocabulary, reading fluency, strategy use

Question 18

Which dyscalculia subtype? deficient, inaccurate, inconsistent arithmetic fact retrieval

Answer 18

semantic

Question 19

In autism brain size is ___ or ___ at birth, followed by ___ than average brains after 24 months, then, slowed growth that returns the brain to ___ size.

Answer 19

normal or slightly smaller, larger, normal

Question 20

Studies examining adults with ASD showed around ___% had “poor” or “very poor” outcome. __% were rated as having “good” or “very good” outcomes.

Answer 20

50, 20

Question 21

The neural signature of dyslexi

Answer 21

underactivation in Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, striate cortex, and overactivation of inferior frontal gyrus on phonological tasks

Question 22

Intervention for ASD appears to have the greatest likelihood for success if begun prior to age __.

Answer 22

5

Question 23

Neuropsychological skills most likely to be impaired in math disabilities (7)

Answer 23

attention, EF (planning, org, problem solving), processing speed, working memory, visuospatial skills, semantic knowledge, retrieval speed

Question 24

Some emerging research has demonstrated that training in ___ can be useful as a compensatory strategy in adults with dyslexia.

Answer 24

morphological awareness

Question 25

when students have co-occuring difficulties in math calculation and word problem solving, focused instruction on ___ has been demonstrated to translate into improved ___ as well.

Answer 25

word problem solving, calculations.

Question 26

for the RTI model, little consensus exists regarding how to define ___ and how to ensure fidelity to ___.

Answer 26

inadequate response to appropriate instruction; 3 tiers of intervention

Question 27

____ instruction, which teaches self-regulation strategies, is demonstrated to improve the writing process.

Answer 27

self-regulated strategy development

Question 28

Heritability for reading ranges from ___ to __, and for math ranging from __ to __.

Answer 28

.3-.9, .5-.8

Question 29

Brain regions involved with math processing include (3)

Answer 29

intraparietal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus

Question 30

Male to female ratio in autism

Answer 30

4:1

Question 31

Increased ____ in blood and decreased/abnormal activation of ____ has been found across individuals with ASD.

Answer 31

serotonin, GABA systems