Hydrocephalus

Question 1

Only IVH grades ___ and ___ are associated with hydrocephalus.

Answer 1

III, IV.

Question 2

Neural tube defects occur slightly more frequently in ___ and are more common in __ and ___ than african and asian ethnicities.

Answer 2

girls, caucasian, latin/x

Question 3

Malformation that causes obstruction of the 4th ventricle. Small posterior fossa in which the cerebellum is herniated and downwardly extends through the foramen of Munro. ubiquitous with SB myelomeningocele

Answer 3

Chiari II

Question 4

____ & ____ are usually detected in infancy because of problems with head size and eye gaze.

Answer 4

aqueductal stenosis & Dandy Walker

Question 5

brain protrudes from the skull

Answer 5

encophalocele

Question 6

___ is a communicating form of nonobstructive hydrocephalus due to impaired reabsorption of CSF.

Answer 6

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Question 7

The general cognitive effects of hydrocephalus can be understood as ____ ____ ____ because of injury to the long ______ pathways that support communication across different brain regions.

Answer 7

subcortical disconnection syndrome, periventricular

Question 8

Complications due to ventricular dilation include reductions in ___ ___ to white matter, changes in __ and __ utilization, and accumulation of ___. In infants and young children, ___ and disruption of development of ___ can occur as well.

Answer 8

blood flow, glucose and oxygen, toxins. Demyelination, white matter.

Question 9

children and adults with any form of hydrocephalus often appear ___ and ___.

Answer 9

underaroused, lethargic.

Question 10

Many neurosurgeons view shunt treatment as undesirable because of the risk for __ and ___ and the ____ required.

Answer 10

failure, infection, multiple operations

Question 11

Children with prematurity IVH develop hydrocephalus because of hemorrhage involving the __ __ shortly after birth. The ___ bleeds into the ___, obstructing the flow of CSF.

Answer 11

germinal matrix, germinal matrix, ventricles

Question 12

spina bifida occulta is usually identified because the person experiences ___.

Answer 12

back pain

Question 13

Children with congenital hydrocephalus have difficulties with ___ and ___, but stronger regulation when __ and ___, which may be consistent with a disorder of the ___-attention system. Response to stimulants generally is ___ than in developmental ADHD.

Answer 13

orienting, disengaging. oriented, engaged. posterior. less positive.

Question 14

Hydrocephalus associated with ___ is usually arrested and nonprogressive.

Answer 14

IVH

Question 15

In DWS partial ageneis of the ___ ___ is common.

Answer 15

corpus callosum

Question 16

NPH emerges idiopathically in people with __, __, and __ and as a secondary factor in people with __ and __.

Answer 16

hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease. dementia, stroke.

Question 17

Myelomeningocele accounts for __% of all forms of congenital hydrocephalus

Answer 17

70

Question 18

People NPH typically present with __, __, __, and ___.

Answer 18

headaches, urinary incontinence, gait abnormalities, mental decline.

Question 19

In SB myelomeningocele, the ___ protrudes through the ____. Hydrocephalus develops in __% of infants.

Answer 19

spinal cord, meninges, 90

Question 20

In all forms of SB, there are __ and __ problems. Higher level spinal defects are often associated with ___ and ____, as well as more severe ___.

Answer 20

mobility, incontinence. paraplegia of the lower limbs, inability to ambulate, brain malformations.

Question 21

diastomyelia

Answer 21

a longitudinal split in the spinal cord

Question 22

NP performance of adults with idiopathic NPH tends to show __ and __ pattern of performance that improves with ___.

Answer 22

variable, diffuse, shunting

Question 23

Many with spina bifida and aqueductal stenosis show ___ sociality.

Answer 23

hyper

Question 24

In infants, detection of neural tube defects is possible through ___ tests of the blood, although these are risk indicators with relatively high ___ rates. Ultrasonography can potentially detect all forms of early hydrocephalus, but ___ errors are possible.

Answer 24

alpha-fetal protein, false positive. false negative.

Question 25

Common types of congenital hydrocephalus include (4)

Answer 25

spina bifida myelomeningocele, aqueductal stenosis, Dandy Walker, prematurity intraventricular hemorrhage

Question 26

INtellectual disabilities are more common in __ than __ and __.

Answer 26

DWS, SB, AS.

Question 27

__% of infants born below 23 weeks gestation sustain Grades III-IV IVH.

Answer 27

37

Question 28

missing hemispheres

Answer 28

hydranencephaly

Question 29

About __ to __% of children with DWS develop hydrocephalus because of a cystic ___ ___ with partial to complete agenesis of the ___ ___.

Answer 29

4th ventricle, cerebellar vermis

Question 30

In SB myelomeningocele, problems with __ and ____ persist into adulthood.

Answer 30

attention, motor control

Question 31

“without brain”

Answer 31

anencephaly

Question 32

In ___ ___, the cerebellum is generally normal. partial callosal hypogenesis is apparent in __% of cases. Can co-occur with spina bifida.

Answer 32

acqueductal stenosis

Question 33

Improvement after shunting for NPH is more likely in patients who have not shown __ or __.

Answer 33

severe gait difficulties, evidence of dementia or stroke.

Question 34

____ is acquired and associated with prematurity and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Answer 34

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Question 35

Aqueductal stenosis accounts for __ to __% of cases with congenital hydrocephalus. Dandy Walker accountts for __ to __% of cases.

Answer 35

5, 15. 5, 10.

Question 36

brain malformations associated with SB myelomeningocele include (4)

Answer 36

Chiari II malformation, abnormal cerebellum, hypogenesis of corpus callosum, hypoplasia of CC due to hydrocephalus.

Question 37

NP results of prototypical child/adult with hydrocephalus: higher __ than __ IQ; better __ than __ in academics; problems with __ and ___ attention; extremely deficient ___; ___ motor deficits.

Answer 37

verbal visual; word reading/spelling, comprehension, writing, math; orienting, disengaging; processing speed; upper extremity

Question 38

Children with grade IV IVH and shunted hydrocephalus have ___ outcomes than children with IVH who are not shunted.

Answer 38

poorer

Question 39

___ is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus, accounting for about ___% of all childhood cases.

Answer 39

spina bifida, 70