Hydrocephalus Flashcards
Only IVH grades ___ and ___ are associated with hydrocephalus.
III, IV.
Neural tube defects occur slightly more frequently in ___ and are more common in __ and ___ than african and asian ethnicities.
girls, caucasian, latin/x
Malformation that causes obstruction of the 4th ventricle. Small posterior fossa in which the cerebellum is herniated and downwardly extends through the foramen of Munro. ubiquitous with SB myelomeningocele
Chiari II
____ & ____ are usually detected in infancy because of problems with head size and eye gaze.
aqueductal stenosis & Dandy Walker
brain protrudes from the skull
encophalocele
___ is a communicating form of nonobstructive hydrocephalus due to impaired reabsorption of CSF.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
The general cognitive effects of hydrocephalus can be understood as ____ ____ ____ because of injury to the long ______ pathways that support communication across different brain regions.
subcortical disconnection syndrome, periventricular
Complications due to ventricular dilation include reductions in ___ ___ to white matter, changes in __ and __ utilization, and accumulation of ___. In infants and young children, ___ and disruption of development of ___ can occur as well.
blood flow, glucose and oxygen, toxins. Demyelination, white matter.
children and adults with any form of hydrocephalus often appear ___ and ___.
underaroused, lethargic.
Many neurosurgeons view shunt treatment as undesirable because of the risk for __ and ___ and the ____ required.
failure, infection, multiple operations
Children with prematurity IVH develop hydrocephalus because of hemorrhage involving the __ __ shortly after birth. The ___ bleeds into the ___, obstructing the flow of CSF.
germinal matrix, germinal matrix, ventricles
spina bifida occulta is usually identified because the person experiences ___.
back pain
Children with congenital hydrocephalus have difficulties with ___ and ___, but stronger regulation when __ and ___, which may be consistent with a disorder of the ___-attention system. Response to stimulants generally is ___ than in developmental ADHD.
orienting, disengaging. oriented, engaged. posterior. less positive.
Hydrocephalus associated with ___ is usually arrested and nonprogressive.
IVH
In DWS partial ageneis of the ___ ___ is common.
corpus callosum
NPH emerges idiopathically in people with __, __, and __ and as a secondary factor in people with __ and __.
hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease. dementia, stroke.
Myelomeningocele accounts for __% of all forms of congenital hydrocephalus
70
People NPH typically present with __, __, __, and ___.
headaches, urinary incontinence, gait abnormalities, mental decline.
In SB myelomeningocele, the ___ protrudes through the ____. Hydrocephalus develops in __% of infants.
spinal cord, meninges, 90
In all forms of SB, there are __ and __ problems. Higher level spinal defects are often associated with ___ and ____, as well as more severe ___.
mobility, incontinence. paraplegia of the lower limbs, inability to ambulate, brain malformations.
diastomyelia
a longitudinal split in the spinal cord
NP performance of adults with idiopathic NPH tends to show __ and __ pattern of performance that improves with ___.
variable, diffuse, shunting
Many with spina bifida and aqueductal stenosis show ___ sociality.
hyper
In infants, detection of neural tube defects is possible through ___ tests of the blood, although these are risk indicators with relatively high ___ rates. Ultrasonography can potentially detect all forms of early hydrocephalus, but ___ errors are possible.
alpha-fetal protein, false positive. false negative.
