ABCN Deck 6

Question 1

Because of the anatomical arrangement of the brain and skull focal injury is most common in the ___ and ___ lobes.

Answer 1

frontal and temporal.

Question 2

Diffuse axonal injury is more prominent at the ____.

Answer 2

gray-white matter junctions.

Question 3

Reasons for risk of severe TBI for ages 0-7

Answer 3

falls & child abuse

Question 4

Reasons for risk of severe TBI for ages 15-19

Answer 4

motor vehicle related injuries

Question 5

Reasons for risk of severe TBI for ages 65+

Answer 5

falls

Question 6

What is complicated mTBI? functional outcome tends to be similar to ____.

Answer 6

mTBI patients with positive neuroimaging. moderate TBI.

Question 7

MRI in the subacute period (< 3 months) is more reliable than CT in identifying ___.

Answer 7

structural changes

Question 8

When the patient demonstrates a measurable level of continuous memory for ___ to ___ consecutive days, it is typically appropriate to perform a brief NP eval to establish a post injury baseline.

Answer 8

2 to 3

Question 9

A brief NP battery ___ following mild to severe TBI provided incremental value and was predictive of outcome above and beyond functional and injury severity variables.

Answer 9

one month

Question 10

Persistence of symptoms __ months following uncomplicated mild TBI are uncommon.

Answer 10

3

Question 11

Recovery after moderate to severe TBI often takes more than ____ months.

Answer 11

12

Question 12

For moderate to severe TBI, over time, ___ and ___ tend to have more influence on functional recovery than injury severity.

Answer 12

social support, access to resources

Question 13

____ in problem solving and compensatory techniques tends to be the most effective treatment for mod to sev TBI.

Answer 13

broad-based, real-world

Question 14

These areas are unlikely to be affected following mod to sev TBI:

Answer 14

general fund of info, vocabulary (unless language centers damaged)

Question 15

the majority of patients with mild TBI experience rapid improvement on performance-based tests within __ to ___.

Answer 15

days to weeks.

Question 16

These areas are commonly affected following mod to sev TBI in adults:

Answer 16

novel problem solving, processing speed, attention/concentration, multitasking, language pragmatics, memory, depression, anxiety

Question 17

These areas are commonly affected following mod to sev TBI in kids in particular:

Answer 17

long-term intellectual/academic challenges, secondary ADHD, visuospatial skills, psychomotor speed

Question 18

the ___ principle suggests that younger brains have more plasticity and therefore a better prognosis following injury.

Answer 18

Kennard

Question 19

Neuropathological changes described in CTE are not unique to that condition, and a sizable percentage of persons who have such changes will NOT develop ___ or commit ___.

Answer 19

dementia or suicide

Question 20

As a direct result of repetitive concussive or subconcussive injuries, a unique distribution of p-tau accumulates in the depths of the cortical sulci.

Answer 20

CTE

Question 21

___ was initially included in several concussion grading systems but has been de-emphasized in recent years because of its inconsistent relationship with outcome.

Answer 21

loss of consciousness.

Question 22

erroneous assumption based on the concept of the magnitude of the stressor (the dose) and the subsequent response of the receptor.

Answer 22

dose-response fallacy

Question 23

Relative to other outcome predictors in TBI, ____ is considered to be the most robust.

Answer 23

length of PTA

Question 24

According to Little Black Book, ___ is related to severity of TBI.

Answer 24

Retrograde Traumatic Amnesia

Question 25

for the Glasgow Coma scale, the ___ the score, the worse the injury

Answer 25

lower

Question 26

Commonly used classification system for mild, moderate, and severe TBI include 3 areas:

Answer 26

duration of unconsciousness, GCS, PTA

Question 27

Clinical presentation of this type of head injury involves an initial LOC, followed by return to broadly normal function for a few hours, followed by rapid deterioration of function (hours to a day). (2 kinds)

Answer 27

epidural hemorrhage due to ruptured middle meningeal artery OR subdural hemorrhage due to ruptured bridging vein.

Question 28

type of herniation involving the mesial temporal lobe

Answer 28

transtentorial or uncal

Question 29

type of herniation involving the brainstem and/or mesial temporal lobes

Answer 29

central

Question 30

type of herniation involving the cingulate gyrus

Answer 30

subfalcine

Question 31

type of herniation involving brain stem & cerebellum through foramen magnum

Answer 31

tonsillar

Question 32

Triad of clinical features associated with uncal/transtentorial herniation

Answer 32

hemiplegia, dilated (blown) pupil, coma

Question 33

__ herniation often leads to respiratory failure, cardiovascular dysfunction, and death.

Answer 33

tonsillar

Question 34

Traumatic axonal injury typically occur in 4 areas:

Answer 34

gray-white matter interfaces, long fibers of the internal capsule, corpus callosum, upper brainstem

Question 35

impaired recognition of previously meaningful stimuli

Answer 35

agnosia

Question 36

lack of concern for serious neurological impairments without denying their existence

Answer 36

anosodiaphoria

Question 37

Long-term cognitive impairment following mod to severe TBI are most notable in (4)

Answer 37

attention/concentration, working memory, processing speed, memory

Question 38

following simple commands within the first hour post injury have significantly better outcomes than those who took longer than 24 hours to follow simple commands. true or false?

Answer 38

true

Question 39

DSM-V criteria for neurocognitive disorder due to TBI?

Answer 39

Look up!

Question 40

____ patients rarely develop signs of cerebral cortical dysfunction such as seizures or aphasia. The cerebral cortical gray matter is relatively spared.

Answer 40

MS

Question 41

More than __ different illnesses produce symptoms of dementia.

Answer 41

50

Question 42

__% of all causes of dementia are reversible.

Answer 42

5

Question 43

Acute exposure to pesticides can results in the following symptoms (8)

Answer 43

headaches, blurred vision, restlessness, anxiety, depression, mental slowing, slurred speech, ataxia.

Question 44

chronic exposure to pesticides can result in (6)

Answer 44

irritability, confusion, depression, attention, memory, response speed.

Question 45

Persons with depression are less likely than those with AD to show impaired (3)

Answer 45

naming ability, verbal fluency, visuospatial ability.

Question 46

When hydrocephalus occurs, the ventricles expand in a __ to __ direction, and white matter is damaged. Thus, the ___ regions of the brain may be particularly susceptible.

Answer 46

posterior to anterior. posterior.

Question 47

Lesions of the temporal lobe can cause ___ due to interruption of the lower portions of the optic radiations. This is sometimes referred to as ___ phenomenon.

Answer 47

contralateral superior quadranopia. pie in the sky.

Question 48

Lateral cerebellar lesions affect ___ and ___. Medial cerebellar lesions affect ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 48

distal limb coordination and motor planning. trunk control, posture and balance, gait.

Question 49

The __ hemisphere has more white matter, less gray matter, more association cortex, and more interconnections.

Answer 49

Right

Question 50

___ refers to the period of time following a TBI in which new memories cannot consistently be formed.

Answer 50

Post traumatic amnesia.

Question 51

Patients with Parkinson's have more trouble with ___ while AD patients have problems with ___ in memory.

Answer 51

retrieval; consolidation

Question 52

The ___ is involved with habit learning and OCD.

Answer 52

caudate

Question 53

___ palsy is dysarthria, dysphagia, and hypoactive jaw/gag reflex.

Answer 53

Bulbar

Question 54

Infarction of the inferior portions of the __ or ___ can cause locked in syndrome.

Answer 54

pons or medulla

Question 55

Neurotransmitter found in the neurons of the raphe nuclei.

Answer 55

serontonin

Question 56

_____ is characterized by a greater deficit in sounding out pseudowords than reading real words

Answer 56

phonological alexia

Question 57

part of the frontal lobe associated with response initiation and inhibition.

Answer 57

orbitofrontal

Question 58

which areas of the brain are myelinated first? motor or sensory?

Answer 58

sensory

Question 59

___ presents with Parkinsonian motor symptoms but the cognitive functioning is more similar to AD.

Answer 59

LBD

Question 60

Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test cut off scores

Answer 60

76-100 normal 66-75 borderline < 66 impaired

Question 61

GCS cut offs

Answer 61

Severe < 8 moderate 9-12 mild 13-15

Question 62

_____ refers to an abnormality in visual perception and discriminative process, despite the absence of elementary visual deficits. These people are unable to recognize objects, draw, or copy a figure. They cannot perceive correct forms of the object, although knowledge of the object is intact

Answer 62

Apperceptive visual agnosia