general review

Question 1

A large layer IV indicates extensive input from the _____.

Answer 1

thalamus

Question 2

Bilateral damage to the DLPFC produces ___.

Answer 2

a disorder of executive attention

Question 3

According to Posner & Petersen, the posterior network has to do with __ and __.

Answer 3

orienting and shifting attention

Question 4

According to Posner & Petersen, the anterior network serves as the ___ system and involves ___.

Answer 4

detection subsystem, detecting stimuli either from sensory events or from memory.

Question 5

According to Posner & Petersen, the alerting network , subserved by the __, can influence both the anterior and posterior networks by controlling ___.

Answer 5

Ascending reticular activating system, levels of arousal.

Question 6

Right hemisphere lesions can impact an individual’s ability to _____.

Answer 6

express emotions

Question 7

Limb apraxia characterized by the loss of ability to conceptualize, plan, and execute the complex sequences of motor actions involved in the use of tools or otherwise interacting with objects in everyday life. The inability to plan movements related to interaction with objects is associated with a lost the perception of the object’s purpose.

Answer 7

ideational apraxia

Question 8

a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to correctly imitate hand gestures and voluntarily mime tool use, e.g. pretend to brush one’s hair. The ability to spontaneously use tools, such as brushing one’s hair in the morning without being instructed to do so, may remain intact, but is often lost.

Answer 8

ideomotor apraxia

Question 9

apraxia associated with bilateral, nonfocal lesions and with left hemisphere lesions, especially in the posterior temporal-parietal junction

Answer 9

ideational

Question 10

usually involves lesions in the left inferior parietal lobe or supplementary motor area or a lesion in the corpus callosum

Answer 10

ideomotor

Question 11

result of lesions in the pyramidal motor system. inability to precisely move one’s hands or legs.

Answer 11

limb-kinetic apraxia

Question 12

patients are aware they have impairments yet show no emotional distress about it

Answer 12

anosodiaphoria

Question 13

part of the brain involving motivation and saliency

Answer 13

anterior cingulate

Question 14

Damage to which part of the brain would result in emotional lability, lack of empathy, and Witzelsucht?

Answer 14

orbitofrontal

Question 15

damage to which part of the brain would result in abulia?

Answer 15

DLPFC

Question 16

passive behavior wherein one exhibits little spontaneous activity and markedly delayed responses and tends to speak briefly or softly

Answer 16

abulia

Question 17

A “tighter” distribution of variability produces ___ reliability

Answer 17

high

Question 18

The simplest IRT model is the ___, which is algebraically equivalent to the __ model.

Answer 18

1-parameter, Rasch

Question 19

The ___ in IRT can be studied for various items to examine the discrimination and difficulty level of items.

Answer 19

item characteristic curve

Question 20

Bayesian models are unique because…

Answer 20

They allow one to incorporate prior information into a statistical model.

Question 21

Neocortex has __ layers and limbic cortex has __.

Answer 21

6, 3

Question 22

Layer IV corresponds with inputs from the ___

Answer 22

thalamus

Question 23

Layers II and III indicate ___ connections

Answer 23

cortico-cortical

Question 24

____ agnosias results from extensive damage to visual association areas, while ____ agnosias may involve less extensive or disconnecting lesions in the regions between the __ and __.

Answer 24

apperceptive, associative, association cortex, memory

Question 25

Structures in the Papez circuit

Answer 25

anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, mammilary bodies, perirhinal-paraphippocampal cortex

Question 26

Patients with aneurysm/hemorrhage in the ACA can develop _____ due to damage to cholinergic neurons in the ___.

Answer 26

memory loss, basal forebrain

Question 27

Amnesia is associated with damage to the (4). functional impairment of more than one circuit is necessary for ___ to occur.

Answer 27

medial temporal lobe, thalamus, basal forebrain, parahippocampal gyrus; dense amnesia.

Question 28

Damage to the ___ is associated with profound memory loss with confabulation.

Answer 28

basal forebrain

Question 29

Damage to the ___ results in apathy and akinetic mutism

Answer 29

medial frontal lobe

Question 30

lesions to this area of the brain cause disinhibition

Answer 30

orbital frontal lesions

Question 31

damage to this area impacts top-down (executive) attention

Answer 31

DLPFC

Question 32

Core diagnostic criteria of delirium (5)

Answer 32

disturbance of attention and awareness; acute onset and fluctuation; other cognitive impairments (memory, perceptual, etc.); not better explained by a neurocog disorder or state of sedation/coma; evidence of physiologic/medical cause

Question 33

Etiologies of delirium (I WATCH DEATH)

Answer 33

infection, withdrawal, acute metabolic, trauma, CNS pathology, hypoxia, deficiences (nutritional), endocrinopathies, acute vascular, toxins/drugs, heavy metals

Question 34

predisposing/precipitating factors for delirium

Answer 34

older age, dementia, chronic illness, polypharmacy, depression, sensory dysfunction, respiratory failure, heart attack, surgery, drug side effects, drug withdrawal, pain

Question 35

Hyponatremia

Answer 35

Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium levels in the blood are lower than normal.

Question 36

Compared to dementia, measures of ___ and ___ are among the most sensitive indicators for patients with delirium. Measures of __ and __ are the most sensitive indicators for dementia.

Answer 36

attention & dysgraphia; memory & daily functioning.

Question 37

perception or feeling that bugs are crawling over the skin.

Answer 37

formication hallucinations.

Question 38

hallucinations that occur when falling asleep.

Answer 38

hypnagogic

Question 39

a place has been replaced or duplicated.

Answer 39

reduplicative paramnesia

Question 40

vivid, motion filled hallucinations that include the perception of small objects, animals, people, or familiar landscapes. Pleasant/entertaining, but can cause anxiety.

Answer 40

peduncular

Question 41

medication classes commonly associated with delirium: (11)

Answer 41

tricyclics, anticholinergics, benzos, corticosteroids, H2-receptor antagonists, sedatives, anticonvulsants, antiparkinsonism drugs, sympathomimetics, anti-inflammatories, antineoplastic drugs

Question 42

autonomic storm symptoms and causes

Answer 42

high blood pressure, tachychardia, diaphoresis. spinal cord injury above T5, substance use, med side effects, severe brain injury.

Question 43

signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 43

muscle rigidity, pallor, dyskinesia, hyperthermia, incontinence, unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, pulmonary congestion.

Question 44

signs of serotonin syndrome

Answer 44

mental status changes, agitation, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, tremor, diarrhea, incoordination, fever; death if untreated.

Question 45

_____ is the most severe form of ethanol withdrawal, manifested by confusion, sympathetic overdrive (autonomic hyperactivity), and hallucinations, which can progress to cardiovascular collapse.

Answer 45

Delirium tremens (DTs)

Question 46

cognitive abilities resistant to aging (5)

Answer 46

vocabulary and verbal skills including reading, simple attention, arithmetic, recognition memory and gist recall, remote memory

Question 47

Tests of __, __ and __ have demonstrated the greatest sensitivity in differentiating AD from normal aging and other forms of dementia.

Answer 47

declarative/episodic memory (verbal learning and delayed recall), language (naming, word list generation), and EF (cognitive flexibility)

Question 48

____ medications may cause side effects that negatively affect memory in persons with dementia.

Answer 48

tricyclic antidepressants