Layout of the Brain

Question 1

Central sulcus

Answer 1

separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 2

Parieto -occipital sulcus

Answer 2

separates the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

Question 3

Lateral sulcus

Answer 3

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 4

Transverse Fissure

Answer 4

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum (temporal lobe region and cerebellum)
Also where the tentorium cerebelli is found (one of the dural reflections)

Question 5

Pre central Gyrus

Answer 5

the gyrus that is found before the central sulcus

in the frontal lobe

Question 6

Post central Gyrus

Answer 6

the gyrus that is found after the central sulcus

in the parietal lobe

Question 7

Major Gyri in the Brain

Answer 7

post central gyrus

pre central gurus

Question 8

Pre-frontal cortex (frontal lobe) function

Answer 8

decision making
anticipating consequences of our actions
emotions
damage can change “who we are”
development may be altered by alcohol
schizophrenia - mental illness associated with the part of the frontal lobe.

Question 9

Motor cortex (frontal lobe) function

Answer 9

pre motor cortex - planning of movement
primary motor cortex (pre central gyrus) - execution of movement, efferent somatic motor information comes from the pre central gyrus.

Question 10

Parietal lobe function

Answer 10

Sensory afferent information 
integration of multiple types of sensory information 
somatosensory 
association 
sensory information makes it to here

Question 11

Temporal lobe Function

Answer 11

memory and hearing

Question 12

Occipital lobe function

Answer 12

Vision

Question 13

Cerebrum

Answer 13

most superior part of the brain
cerebral cortex - superior
corpus callosum (white matter) most deep part of the brain.
Falx Cerebri separates the two halves of the cerebrum

Question 14

Diencephalon

Answer 14

contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus

hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus

Question 15

Brainstem

Answer 15

Midbrain - inferior to the hypothalamus
Pons
Medulla Oblongata (or just medulla) where the brain ends and the spinal cord starts

Question 16

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 16

internal structure of the brain
made of grey matter (collection of cell bodies)
most superficial part of the Brain
like the skin on an orange

Question 17

Internal structures of the Brain

Answer 17

cerebral cortex
white matter (3 types) (myelinated axons grouped together)
deep nuclei (also a collection of cell bodies)
ventricles

Question 18

3 types of white matter

Answer 18

Commissural Tracts
projection tracts
association tracts

Question 19

Commissural tracts

Answer 19

tracts of axons crossing the different sides of the brain/ crossing the cerebrums
so one side of the brain knows what the other side of the brain is doing - communication between the 2 sides
eg. corpus callosum (goes from one cerebral cortex to the other)

Question 20

Projection tracts

Answer 20

axons extend between cortex and and other CNS areas
e.g corticospinal tract
from the pre central gyrus (primary motor cortex in frontal lobe) downawards
only on one side of the brain
somatic efferent motor information

Question 21

Association tracts

Answer 21

axons on the same side within the cerebral cortex (superficial part of the brain)
communication between brain areas on the same side
e.g communication between the motor cortex and the pre motor cortex

Question 22

primary motor cortex organisation

Answer 22

specific regions of the motor cortex (pre central gyrus) control specific regions of the body
the medial side controls the lower limb
the middle controls the upper limbs
the lateral end controls the mouth and face region
when it goes wrong and the neurons in one part die, then all motor control to that area that it was controlled by will be lost

Question 23

the corticospinal tract

Answer 23

a descending somatic motor tract
controls activity of somatic (efferent) motor neurons
the cell body is in the primary motor cortex
most fibres cross to the opposite side in the medulla
axons descend until they hit the spinal cord where they synapse in the spinal cord at the ventral horn.

Question 24

somatic sensory information

Answer 24

sensory information comes in and ascends up the dorsal white columns.
synapse then happens in the medulla.
this axon crosses to the opposite side and ascends to the thalamus.
synapse then happens in the thalamus.
then this neuron ascends to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe (the post central gyrus).

Question 25

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 25

the post central gyrus in the parietal lobe
specific regions of the somatosensory cortex receive sensory information from specific regions of the body
works the same as the motor cortex (pre central gyrus)

Question 26

integration between motor and sensory systems (role of the cerebellum)

Answer 26

1. motor cortex initiates movement
2. copy of instructions are sent to the cerebellum
3. some sensory information goes to the cerebellum, this is the information about the actual movement
4. cerebellum compares this info with the copy of motor output information
5. the cerebellum “adjusts” motor output information for coordination.

Question 27

role of cerebellum

Answer 27

the cerebellum coordinates movement, guided by sensory feedback.

Question 28

basal ganglia

Answer 28

collection of 5 nuclei (groups of cell bodies) there is also one in each of the cerebrums 
caudate 
putamen
globus pallidus 
sub-thalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra

Question 29

basal ganglia function

Answer 29

a brain circuit that involves other structures
select an appropriate movement for a given situation
initiate movement
terminate movement