immune response to viral pathogens

Question 1

adaptive immunity

Answer 1

slow response
highly specific
memory
essential in the fight against intracellular pathogens such as viruses

Question 2

adaptive immunity best response in the stages of microbial pathogenesis

Answer 2

adherence
invasion
replication
toxicity
invasiveness and tissue damage and disease
best deals with most stages of pathogenesis and some effect on early stages of replication

Question 3

phases of the adaptive immune responses

Answer 3

antigen recognition - antigen presenting cell
lymphocyte activation- antibody producing cell, effector T lymphocyte, clonal expansion
effector phase - elimination of antigens, humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
decline (homeostasis) - apoptosis
memory - surviving memory cells

Question 4

dendritic cell action

Answer 4

capturing the virus and presenting it to the adaptive immune system
virus is phagocytosed and destroyed
viral peptides from the capsid are mixes with MCH-2 and displayed on the outside of the DC
it then disappears from where it was and travels to the lymph nodes where it finds T cells and it finds the T cell that matches the peptide / MHC molecules on the DC.

Question 5

Clonal selection/ expansion

Answer 5

the viral peptide is presented on MHC is used like a key by the DC, hunting around until it finds the matching lock.
expansion of T and B lymphocytes expressing the same antigen receptor

Question 6

T cell differentation

Answer 6

memory cells
CD4 (helper)
CD8 (cytotoxic)
all of these have T cell receptors on them

Question 7

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 7

synthese specical proteins that specifically kill the virally infected host cell
the infected host cell lets the cytotoxic T cell know its infected by presenting the viral antigen on the surface using MHC-1
the CD8 cell will released granzyme and perforin
perforin puts holes in the cell wall
granzyme goes into the cell and destroys the cell and its contents

Question 8

B cell differentation

Answer 8

for the antibody producing plasma cells to develop from B cells
1. antigen to attach to the cell receptor (BCR) or (IgM/ IgD)
2. helper T cell attach to antigens presented by the B cell MHC2 this causes the cytokines to be released from the helper cell
cytokines are immune hormones

Question 9

vaccines

Answer 9

help prime the immune response for future exposure to a viral pathogen

1. antigen (the specific molecule that the immune system may recognise)
2. Adjuvant (helps to enhance the immune response against the antigen)