Autonomic control

Question 1

Autonomic features

Answer 1

2 neurons in relay between CNS and effector
innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands and GI neurons
can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on type of receptor

Question 2

Origin of autonomic preganglionic fibres (sympathetic)

Answer 2

neurons emerge from the thoracolumbar region
sympathetic ganglia in the sympathetic chain
comes from a large area of the spinal cord

Question 3

Origin of autonomic preganglionic fibres (para-sympathetic)

Answer 3

neurons emerge from the craniosacral regions
the ganglia are near the effector
only come from a small place, the top and the bottom of the spinal cord.

Question 4

sympathetic nerves

Answer 4

has a short preganglionic neuron and a long post-ganglionic neuron
Acetylcholine is released at the first synapse
norepinephrine (NE) at the second synapse between nerve and muscle .
for the long term maintenance of what the body needs
there is one exception that looks like a para neuron but it has a chemical difference where the skin receptor are cholinergic

Question 5

Cholinergic

Answer 5

a neuron that releases acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 6

Adrenergic

Answer 6

a neuron that releases norepinephrine (NE)

Question 7

Parasympathetic nerve

Answer 7

long preganglionic neuron and short post ganglionic neuron
Acetylcholine is released at both the synapses meaning that both the neurons are Cholinergic and so are the receptors of the post ganglionic neurons and the receptors at the cell.
the neurotransmitter depends on the type of post - synaptic receptor.

Question 8

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 8

the receptors contain ion channels
depolarising and excitatory always
nicotinic cholinergic - responds to acetylcholine and drugs (sympathetic)

Question 9

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 9

intracellular receptors (metabolic messenger)
depolarising or hyperpolarising = excitatory or inhibitory 
muscarinic cholinergic (parasympathetic) 
alpha and beta adrenergic (adrenaline = epinephrine)

Question 10

glands controlled by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

iris and lens 
heart
bronchi (lungs)
GI tract 
bladder
genitals

Question 11

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 11

Acetylcholine (Ach)

glands muscles and organs

Question 12

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 12

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Question 13

Adrenal glands

Answer 13

Sympathetic
on top of the kidney
preganglionic innervation (Ach)
there is no post ganglionic neuron as there are hormone releasing cells
epinephrine and norepinephrine are released into the blood stream and become hormones

Question 14

autonomic involuntary

Answer 14

regulation of physiological state
reflexes (light and baroreceptor)
self regulation of emotional responses

Question 15

Light reflex

Answer 15

sympathetic = pupil dilated = dark 
parasympathetic = pupil constricted = light

Question 16

baroreceptor reflex

Answer 16

a stretch reflex for blood pressure
activation of the parasympathetic nervous system = decreased heart rate
baroreceptors (in the common carotid artery) can sense an increase in blood pressure