Joints

Question 1

what is a joint

Answer 1

holds bones together
where bones articulate
involves bone shapes and soft tissues
free movement or control movement

Question 2

soft tissue in joints

Answer 2

no inorganic component

made from cartilage

Question 3

cartilage composition

Answer 3

collagen fibres in a ground substance
chondrocytes live in the lacuna
nutrients diffuse by joint loading not vascular

Question 4

hyaline cartilage structure

Answer 4

collagen fibres barely visible

high water content in matrix

Question 5

fibrocartilage structure

Answer 5

collagen fibres form bundles throughout the matrix

fibres align with stresses

Question 6

hyaline cartilage functions

Answer 6

provides a smooth frictionless surface
for resisting compression
moulds to bones in synovial joints

Question 7

fibrocartilage functions

Answer 7

resisting compression and tension
deepens articulations
can adapt its shape to stresses on the joint

Question 8

bony congruence

Answer 8

the sum of the bone surfaces that form an articulation

Question 9

ligaments and tendons in genral

Answer 9

made of dense fibrous connective tissue
collagen for resisting tension
fibroblasts and cytes
some vascularity

Question 10

ligaments

Answer 10

bone to bone

for restricting movement away from itself

Question 11

tendons

Answer 11

muscle to bone

facilitates and controls movement and contractions

Question 12

fibrous joint

Answer 12

made of DFCT
Ligament
limited stability and movement
eg. cranial suture

Question 13

cartilaginous joint

Answer 13

some movement
tissue is fibrocartilage
special functions and various structures
eg. intervertebral disc

Question 14

synovial joints

Answer 14

free moving
most limbs and appendages
association between tissues and structures

Question 15

synovial joint features

Answer 15

bone ends determine the range of motion and type of movement, the ends where they meet

Question 16

articular/ hyaline cartilage

Answer 16

covers bone ends

subchondral bone is smooth

Question 17

capsular ligaments

Answer 17

hold bones together
tight and thick where support is needed
potential space/ cavity

Question 18

synovial membrane

Answer 18

lines the inner surface of the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Question 19

collateral ligaments

Answer 19

medial and lateral

they restrict adduction and abduction

Question 20

intracapsular ligaments

Answer 20

restricts movement between bones
arise from the tibia and insert into the femur
ACL restricts posterial movement of the femur
PCL restricts anterial movement of the femur

Question 21

hinge joint

Answer 21

elbow - flex and extend only moves through the sagittal planes
uni-axial planes
looks like a hinge
interphalangeal joints

Question 22

pivot joint

Answer 22

the radioulnar joints- both ends ends
moves through the transverse plane
uni-axial

Question 23

saddle joint

Answer 23

looks like a saddle
carpal metacarpal joint 
bi-axial 
flexion- extension 
adbuction- adduction 
thus circumduction

Question 24

ellipsoid joint

Answer 24

radiocarpal joint  
flexion- extension 
abduction - adduction 
NO rotation 
think about the wrist

Question 25

condylar joint

Answer 25

knee
biaxial
flexion and extension
rotation when knee is flexed

Question 26

plane joint

Answer 26

planar - slides over a surface 
multiaxial 
sliding and gliding 
flat articular joints 
intercarpal and intertarsal joints 
allows the arch of the foot to be flattened onto the ground

Question 27

ball and socket joint

Answer 27

hip or shoulder 
multiaxial 
flexion - extension 
abduction- adduction 
thus circumduction
rotation

Question 28

ROM

Answer 28

range of motion is determined by the bone end and shape
ligament location and length
bony congruence

Question 29

bone end features

Answer 29

bone ends 
hyaline cartilage 
capsule 
cavity 
synovial membrane 
ligaments