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ANA > Last lecture 1 > Flashcards

Last lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the larynx open into?

A

the laryngopharynx below the oropharynx

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2
Q

The laryngopharynx is primary a ____

A

sphincter

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3
Q

What is the primary feature/action of the laryngopharynx?

A

separates the respiratory from the digestive tracts

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4
Q

What is a secondary feature of the the laryngopharynx?

A

phonation

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5
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

skeleton of cartilages held together by fibrous membranes

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6
Q

What maintains the shape of the cartilages of the larynx?

A

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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7
Q

What cartilage is the foundation of the laryngeal skeleton?

A

cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

The cricoid cartilage can be described as what type of ring?

A

A signet ring because it is thinner anteriorly

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9
Q

What cartilages articulate with the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage?

A

two arytenoid cartilages

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10
Q

What shape are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

pyramidal

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11
Q

The arytenoid cartilages have what coming off of them?

A

two processes: the vocal process the muscular process

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12
Q

Where does the vocal process attach to from the larynx?

A

the vocal ligament

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13
Q

What kind of articulation do the arytenoid cartilages have with the cricoid?

A

a synovial articulation, with the cricoid enabling them to rotate around a vertical axis

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14
Q

What shape is the thyroid cartilage?

A

sheild-shaped

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15
Q

What are the horns sticking off the thyroid cartilage called?

A

inferior cornu

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16
Q

What does the inferior cornu articulate with?

A

also with the cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

What form’s the laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)?

A

the two lamina of. the thyroid meeting in the midline

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a leaf-like cartilage attached to the internal aspect of the upper border of the thyroid

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19
Q

Where does the free upper border of the epiglottis project to?

A

above the level of the thyroid

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20
Q

What is the action of the epiglottis?

A

during swallowing, it folds posteriorly over the opening of the larynx directing food and water into the esophagus

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21
Q

What kind of cartilage is the epiglottis composed of? What about the other cartilages?

A

elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

Laryngeal cartilages are linked by fibrous membranes to what?

A

each other, the hyoid bone above, and the first tracheal cartilage below

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23
Q

A thickened within the fibrous membrane linking the laryngeal cartilages may be considered a what?

A

a ligament

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24
Q

What does the thyrohyoid membrane link together?

A

the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage

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25
Q

The thyrohyoid membrane is thickened in the middle to form what and laterally to form what?

A

the median thyrohyoid ligament and the lateral thyrohyoid ligament

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26
Q

What does the cricotracheal ligament join together?

A

cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal cartilage

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27
Q

what does the cricothyroid membrane join?

A

the cricoid cartilage, the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

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28
Q

The upper free border of the cricothyroid membrane extends where?

A

from the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the deep surface of the thryoid cartilage, meeting its counterpart from the opposite side at midline

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29
Q

Where the upper free border of the cricothyroid membrane meets at midline is called what?

A

vocal ligament

30
Q

What is the median cricothyroid ligament?

A

a midline thickening in the cricothyroid membrane

31
Q

What is the quadrangular membrane?

A

a thinner membrane that joins the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis

32
Q

The lower free border of the quadrangular membrane forms what?

A

the vestibular ligament

33
Q

What kind of musculature does the larynx have?

A

both intrinsic and extrinsic

34
Q

What is the action of the extrinsic larynx muscles?

A

stabilize or move the larynx as a whole

35
Q

What muscles are depressors of the larynx and hyoid?

A

infrahyoid muscles

36
Q

What muscles are elevators of the larynx and hyoid?

A

suprahyoid muscles

37
Q

What is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

alter the position of one part of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the others

38
Q

the action of the intrinsic larynx muscles results in what?

A

alteration of the length and tension of the vocal cords or the size and shape of the rima glottidis

39
Q

Where does the posterior cricoarytenoid mm. extend?

A

arise from the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and extend superolaterally to insert into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

40
Q

Action of the posterior cricothyroarytenoid mm.

A

pull back on the muscular process rotating the arytenoid process and thereby swinging the local processes laterally separating the vocal folds

41
Q

The separation of the vocal folds by the posterior cricoarytenoid mm is called what?

A

aBduction of vocal folds

42
Q

What is the only aBductor of the larynx?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid mm.

43
Q

What two muscles pass between the two arytenoid cartilages and draw the cartilages together, therefore aDducting the vocal folds?

A

transverse and oblique arytenoid mm.

44
Q

What muscle inserts on the muscular process of the arytenoiud cartilages and aDducts the vocal folds?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid mm.

45
Q

What muscles lie within the larynx and lateral to the vocal fold?

A

thyroarytenoid mm.

46
Q

A bundle of the lower fibers from the thyroarytenoid mm. attaches to t he vocal process of arytenoid cartilage and is renamed what?

A

vocalis muscle

47
Q

The cricothyroid m. does what action?

A

stetches and tenses the vocal ligament

48
Q

What is the only intrinsic larynx muscle to not be innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n and what is it innervated by instead?

A

cricothyroid muscle; it is innervated by external laryngeal n.

49
Q

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves during thyroidectomy leads to what?

A

damage to the vocal cords on the affected sides causing a hoarse voice

50
Q

Damage to both of the recurrent laryngeal nerves causes what?

A

reduces the voice to a whisper and may produce respiratory distress

51
Q

the mucus membrane above the vocal folds receives sensory innervation from where and blood supply from where?

A

internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery

52
Q

Where does superior laryngeal artery come from?

A

super thyroid a.

53
Q

the internal laryngeal n. and superior laryngeal a. pierce through what together?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

54
Q

the mucous membrane below the vocal folds is innervated by what and supplied by what artery?

A

recurrent laryngeal n. and inferior laryngeal artery

55
Q

Where does inferior laryngeal artery come from?

A

inferior thyroid artery

56
Q

the orbit is a four-sided ___ with the apex facing?

A

triangle, inward

57
Q

what are the four sides of the pyramidal shape of the orbit lined by?

A

thickened funnel shape fascial layer called the preorbita.

58
Q

what walls of the orbital fascia are the thinnest? what are they a clinical threat of becoming eroded by?

A

medial and floor of the orbit are the thinnest, clinical threat of becoming eroded by persistent infection of ethmoidal or maxillary sinuses.

59
Q

where is the lacrimal gland located? how many openings does it have? what is secreted where?

A

located in the superolateral aspect of the orbit, 9-13 openings that secrete tears into the conjunctival sac.

60
Q

how do the conjunctiva and cornea stay moist and lubricated?

A

blinking sweeps the tears across the eye and conjunctiva sac medially.

61
Q

how is the tears drained from the eye medially?

A

by the punctum, on the medial aspect of each eyelib.

62
Q

where does fluid go after draining into the punctum ?

A

into the nasolacrimal duct that opens under the inferior chonca on the lateral wall of the inferior meatus.

63
Q

each eyelid contains and semilunar shaped plate of dense connective tissue called the ?

A

tarsal plate

64
Q

what are embedded into the tarsal plates? what do they secrete?

A

tarsal glands that secrete a fatty substance that functions in preventing the eyelids from sticking together when closed.

65
Q

how are the tarsal plates anchored to the bony orbit?

A

medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

66
Q

what is the voluntary skeletal muscle that raises the upper eyelid?

A

the levator palprebrae superioris

67
Q

what muscle assists the levator palpebrae superioris ?

A

the superior tarsal muscle is a smooth fatigue-resistant muscle that assists in holding the eyelid in the open position. responsible for the tone of the eyelid.

68
Q

how does the eyelid rest in the raised position?

A

just above the iris of the eye.

69
Q

what innervates the superior tarsal muscle? what happens if this was lesioned?.

A

sympathetic fibers that travel with the frontal nerve, a lesion of the superior cervical ganglion (horners syndrome) can cause the tone to be lost and the eyelid to fall below the pupil.

70
Q

name the extraoccular muslces?

A

superior, medial, lateral, inferior rectus

superior/ inferior oblique

levator palpebrae superioris.

ANA (17 decks)

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