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ANA > Compartments of the neck; Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Compartments of the neck; Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many compartments in the neck and what are they

A

3; posterior, anterior, two posterior triangles

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2
Q

anterior compartment is divided into two what

A

anterior triangles

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3
Q

the anterior triangles are located where

A

superficially

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4
Q

below the anterior triangles are what structures

A

deep viscera- larynx/trachea and pharynx; vertical neurovascular bundle

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5
Q

what is the key landmark for dividing the neck into two triangles

A

SCM

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6
Q

SCM innervation

A

CN XI; accessory nerve

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7
Q

SCM attachments

A

superiorly to mastoid process and inferiorly to the sternal head and clavicle

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8
Q

SCM action

A

unilateral contraction tilts the head toward the shoulder of the same side, rotating face to opposite side

bilateral contraction protracts the head forward

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9
Q

how many layers of deep cervical fascia in the neck

A

four- investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath

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10
Q

what is the investing layer of fascia

A

deep cervical fascia that surrounds the entire neck; roofs the posterior and anterior triangles

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11
Q

what is the pretracheal layer of fascia

A

deep cervical fascia that forms a sheath around the thyroid gland

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12
Q

what is the prevertebral layer of fascia

A

deep cervical fascia that surrounds the support compartment of the neck (vertebra and musculature)- forms the floor of the posterior triangle

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13
Q

what is the carotid sheath

A

condensation of all three layers form a sheath enclosing the vertical neurovascular bundle of the neck

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14
Q

what is in the carotid sheath

A
  • common carotid a.
  • internal jugular v.
  • vagus n.
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15
Q

what is buccopharnygeal fascia

A

fascia that wraps around the back of the pharynx, thickened part of the pretracheal

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16
Q

what is the retro-pharnygeal space and why is it clinically relevant

A

pathway between the prevertebral fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia; can allow for the spread of infection from the oral cavity down into the thorax

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17
Q

what veins are considered in superficial venous drainage of the face and neck

A
  1. superficial temporal v.
  2. maxillary v.
  3. retromandibular v.
  4. posterior auricular v.
  5. communicating v.
  6. facial v.
  7. external jugular v.
  8. anterior jugular v.
  9. jugular arch
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18
Q

which vein of the superficial veins of the face and neck is the largest

A

facial vein

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19
Q

Root levels of the cervical plexus

A

C1-4

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20
Q

the cervical plexus supplies sensory innervation where

A

to the neck and upper thorax regions

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21
Q

what nerves are in the cervical plexus

A
  • lesser occipital n.
  • transverse cutaneous n. of the neck
  • great auricular n.
  • supraclavicular n.
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22
Q

where can a cervical block be administered

A

at Erb’s point, which is approximately 1/2 up the posterior border of SCM

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23
Q

the nerves of the cervical plexus are what kind of rami

A

ventral rami

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24
Q

what are the root levels for each nerve of the cervical plexus

A
  • lesser occipital- C2
  • great auricular- C2/3
  • transverse cervical- C2/3
  • supraclavicular- C3/4
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25
Q

if the cervical plexus is ventral rami that supplies sensory innervation to face and neck, what supplies sensory innervation to back of head and down into back?

(know diagram in notes)

A
  • dorsal ramus of C2 (greater occipital)

- dorsal rami C3-5

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26
Q

boundaries of the anterior triangle

A
  • inferior border of mandible
  • anterior border of SCM
  • midline of neck
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27
Q

what is the digastric (submandibular) triangle

A

-contains the submandibular gland, facial a., lymph nodes, and mylohyoid muscle as the floor

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28
Q

what is the submental triangle

A

-located below the submental foramina; contains the submental lymph nodes and mylohyoid muscle as the floor

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29
Q

what is the carotid triangle

A

contains the common carotid a., internal jugular v., vagus n. (CN x), and hypoglossal n (CN XII)

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30
Q

what is the muscular triangle

A

contains the infrahyoid muscles forming the floor and viscera beneath the floor

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31
Q

what is the viscera beneath the floor of the muscular triangle

A
  • thyroid
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • esophagus
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32
Q

How many pairs of muscles are there that attaches to or is related to the hyoid bone

A

four pairs

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33
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles

A
  • digastric muscle
  • stylohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
34
Q

the digastric muscle has two bellies, what are the names

A

-anterior belly and posterior belly

35
Q

what innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

V3- trigeminal CN V Division 3

36
Q

what innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

CN VII- facial n.

37
Q

what innervates the stylohyoid muscle

A

CN VII- facial n.

38
Q

what innervates the mylohyoid muscle

A

V3

39
Q

what innervates the geniohyoid

A

C1 via CN XII

40
Q

what does C1 via CN XII mean

A

C1 motor branch hitches a ride on CN XII (hypoglossal n.) to get to the muscle

41
Q

What are the two groups of infrahyoid muscles

A

superficial and deep

42
Q

what muscles are in the superficial group of infrahyoid muscles

A
  • sternohyoid

- superior belly of omohyoid

43
Q

what are the muscles of the deep group of the infrahyoid muscles

A
  • sternothyroid

- thyrohyoid

44
Q

what innervates these 3 muscles: sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid

A

ansa cervicalis

45
Q

what innervates the thyrohyoid

A

C1 via CN XII

46
Q

Explain the action of the infrahyoid muscles with the suprahyoid muscles (its a combined action)

A

when the infrahyoid muscles contract, they depress and stabilize the hyoid bone so that the contraction of the suprahyoids allows them to function as accessory depressors of the mandible

47
Q

What is a second action of the suprahyoid muscles

A

when they contract, the hyoid bone is raised and pulls the larnyx up by the thyrohyoid membrane during swallowing

48
Q

the ventral rami of C1-4 are involved in a plexus that provides what kind of innervation

A

sensory innervation to the skin in the region of the neck and mote innervation to all the infrahyoid muscles as well as one suprahyoid muscle

49
Q

how does the common carotid a. terminate

A

by bifurcating into the internal and external carotid aa. at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

50
Q

the internal carotid a. exhibits an initial swelling called what

A

the carotid sinus

51
Q

what is the carotid sinus

A

a baroreceptor that regulates the blood pressure of the cerebral aa.

52
Q

the internal carotid has no branches until it emerges in the ___ ___

A

cranial cavity

53
Q

what is the carotid body

A

a small mass of tissue located at the bifurcation and lies in close relation to the carotid sinus

54
Q

what does the carotid body do

A

it is a chemoreceptor that responds to the carbon dioxide level of the blood causing an increase in the respiratory centers of the brain if the levels get too high

55
Q

innervation of the carotid body

A

the pharyngeal branch of the vagus n.

56
Q

how many branches arise from the anterior and posterior aspects of the external carotid a.?

A

6

57
Q

the first branch of the external carotid a. is named what and what does it supply

A

it is anterior and named the superior thyroid a.- it supplies the superior aspect of each lobe of the thyroid gland, it also gives rise to the superior laryngeal a. that supplies the larynx

58
Q

what is the second branch of the external carotid a. and what does it supply

A

it is a posterior and is named the ascending pharyngeal a. and it supplies the pharynx and prevertebral mm.

59
Q

what is the third branch of the external carotid a. and what does it supply

A

it is an anterior branch that is named the lingual a.- it supplies the muscles of the tongue

60
Q

where does the lingual a. pass?

A

it passes deep to the hyoglossus m. and becomes the deep lingual a.

61
Q

what is the fourth branch of the external carotid a. and what does it supply

A

it is an anterior branch and is named the facial a.- it hooks around the inferior border of the mandible to ascend on the face

62
Q

what is the fifth branch of the external carotid a. and what does it supply

A

it is a posterior branch and is named the occipital a.- supplies the posterior scalp

63
Q

what is the sixth branch of the external carotid a. and what does it supply

A

it is posterior and is named the posterior auricular a. and it supplies the adjacent parotid gland and scalp

64
Q

what does the internal jugular vein drain

A

the brain, face and neck

65
Q

where is the internal jugular vein formed

A

jugular foramen at the base of the cranial cavity

66
Q

what is the major parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal viscera as far along as the mid-transverse colon

A

vagus n.

67
Q

what other supply does the vagus nerve provide

A

motor and sensory

68
Q

what are the major branches off the vagus nerve in the neck

A

-superior laryngeal and right recurrent laryngeal nn.- both innervate the larynx

69
Q

what are other major nerves in the same general region as the vagus n.

A

-accessory n. (CN XI)
-hypoglossal n. (CN XII)
-sympathetic trunk
-

70
Q

pharyngeal plexus of nerves supplies what

A

pharynx

71
Q

what nerves form the pharyngeal plexus

A
  • pharyngeal branches of the vagus n.
  • fibers of the cranial division of the accessory n. found within the vagus n.
  • would be called CN XI via X collectively
  • glossopharnygeal n. (CN IX) (sensory fibers)
  • post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
  • motor fibers derived from the cranial root of the accessory nerve (CN XI) and are distributed by branches of the vagus n.
72
Q

what parts of the carotid triangle are used in surgical approaches

A

carotid arterial system, internal jugular vein, CN X, XII, and the cervical sympathetic trunk

73
Q

the carotid sinus responds to increase in blood pressure by doing what

A

telling the heart to slow down via parasympathetic output by the vagus n.

74
Q

pressure on the carotid sinus can cause what

A

fainting and in hypersensitive individuals, cessation of the heart beat

75
Q

A carotid pulse can be detected in what artery

A

external carotid artery

76
Q

what innervates the carotid body

A

branches of CN IX, X, and sympathetic fibers

77
Q

how does the carotid body respond to an increase in carbon dioxide or decrease in oxygen

A

increase respiration rate

78
Q

why is the muscular triangle clinically significant

A

used in surgical approaches to the thyroid and parathyroid glands, as well as exposure to the esophagus and trachea

79
Q

all lymphatic vessels from the head and neck drain into the ____ ___ ___

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

80
Q

during a radical resection of the neck region, what must be removed?

A

the deep cervical lymph nodes and external and internal jugular vv. on one or both sides

ANA (17 decks)

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