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ANA > Cranial contents- lecture 3 > Flashcards

Cranial contents- lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the wrappings around the brain called

A

meninges

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2
Q

outermost meninge

A

dura mater

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3
Q

middle meninge

A

arachnoid

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4
Q

innermost meninge

A

pia mater

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5
Q

once the ____ is removed, the dura mater is exposed

A

calvarium (skull cap)

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6
Q

branches of what artery are evident on the surface of the dura mater

A

middle meningeal a.

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7
Q

the calvarium has grooves in it from what

A

from the middle meningeal a. branches being sandwiched between it and the dura mater

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8
Q

reflecting the flap of the dura mater exposes what structure

A

the arachnoid on the surface of the brain

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9
Q

why is the arachnoid collapsed onto the brain

A

due to the loss of CSF contained within the subarachnoid space

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10
Q

the dura mater is attached to the midline of the skull near what structure

A

the superior sagittal sinus

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11
Q

the superior sagittal sinus has what structures draining into it near the midline where the dura mater attaches

A

superficial cerebral vv.

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12
Q

what is the largest of the venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus

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13
Q

what forms a venous sinus

A

the separation of dural layers from one another

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14
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater

A

endosteal layer and meningeal layer

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15
Q

where does the endosteal layer lie

A

it remains adherent to the bone in all regions

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16
Q

where does the meningeal layer of the dura lie

A

it separates and fuses with its counter part to form a dural fold

look at diagram on page 323

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17
Q

what forms the lateral walls of the venous sinus

A

meningeal layer of dura

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18
Q

Through the meningeal walls, there are processes of what that stick out into the lumen of the venus sinus

A

processes of the arachnoid and they are called the arachnoid villi

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19
Q

what is the function of the arachnoid villi

A

filter CSF into the blood to prevent its buildup in the subarachnoid space due to its constant production by the choroid plexus of the ventricular system of the brain

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20
Q

continued growth of the arachnoid villi through the sinus results in their penetration into what

A

the overlying bone of the skull

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21
Q

what are these depressions from the arachnoid villi called

A

arachnoid granulations

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22
Q

the meningeal layers of the dura are separated at what

A

at venous sinuses

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23
Q

the meningeal layers come together to form a series of ____ ____ that do what

A

dural folds that either separate or support the various lobes of the brain

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24
Q

How many dural folds are there and what are their names

A

four

  1. falx cerebri
  2. falx cerebelli
  3. tentorium cerebelli
  4. diaphragma sellae
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25
Q

Falx cerebri attachments

A

anteriorly to the cristae galli of the ethmoid bone and fuses posteriorly with the horizontal dural fold- the tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

the posterior fusion of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebelli creates what

A

the straight sinus

27
Q

the falx cerebri separates what

A

the two cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

in the falx cerebris attached margin near the top of the skull is what? and in its free edge located inferiorly?

A

superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus

29
Q

what does the falx cerebelli separate

A

the two cerebellar hemispheres

30
Q

the falx cerebelli has what in its attached margin

A

occipital sinus

31
Q

what separates the two cerebral hemispheres from the two underlying cerebellar hemispheres

A

the tentorium cerebelli

32
Q

the tentorium cerbelli’s attached edges form what

A

left and right transverse sinuses

33
Q

the tentorium cerebelli’s free edge makes what

A

U-shaped tentorial notch

34
Q

tentorium cerebelli attachments

A

anteriorly to the lateral aspects of the anterior and posterior clinoid processes

35
Q

the tentorium cerebelli forms the lateral wall of what structure

A

cavernous sinus

36
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae

A

a dural fold stretched across the sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa)

37
Q

attachments of the diaphragma sellae

A

the anterior and posterior clinoid processes

38
Q

the diaphragma sellae becomes invaginated by what

A

the hypophysis that pushes the dura ahead of it as it descends to rest in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone

39
Q

the attached margins of each dural fold exhibits what and what is the exception to this

A

dural venous sinus; falx cerebrum also has a small venous sinus in its free margin

40
Q

the venous sinus system of the cranial cavity collects blood drained from where

A

scalp, bone of the calvarium, superficial and deep brain areas, and the face

41
Q

what sinuses make up the dural venous sinus system

A
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior sagittal sinus
  • left transverse sinus
  • right transverse sinus
  • occipital sinus
  • straight sinus
42
Q

where do the venous sinuses of the dural venous sinus system meet at?

A

the confluence located opposite the external occipital protuberance

43
Q

what are other venous sinuses not directly associated with the dural folds

A
  • sigmoid sinus
  • cavernous sius
  • intercavernous
  • sphenoparietal (to cavernous)
  • superior petrosal (cavernous to transverse)
  • inferior petrosal (cavernous to sigmoid)
44
Q

all of the sinuses groove the ____ with which they are associated

A

bones

45
Q

how does the cavernous sinus communicate with the superficial venous drainage of the face

A

via the ophthalmic vein

46
Q

why is the connection between the cavernous sinus with the superficial venous drainage of the face clinically relevant

A

because infection can spread inward in these valveless vessels

47
Q

infection may also pass from the scalp via the ____ veins into the ____ ___ sinus

A

emissary veins into the superior sagittal sinus

48
Q

the majority of venous blood leaves via the ____ ___ vein

A

internal jugular vein

49
Q

the brain is supplied with blood by 4 arteries that leave major vessels in the _______

A

root of the neck separately

50
Q

what two arteries ascend to the brain through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

A

vertebral arteries

51
Q

the vertebral arteries fuse to form what

A

basilar artery

52
Q

when is the basilar artery formed

A

after passing into the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum

53
Q

when the internal carotid aa. and basilar artery meets at the base of the brain, they become connected to one another forming what

A

an anastomotic arterial circle called the circle of willis and it ensures continuous blood supply

54
Q

REMINDER TO LOOK AT DIAGRAMS ON PAGES 326 and 327 TO SEE ARTERIAL CIRCLE

A
55
Q

how does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity

A

through the dural roof of the cavernous sinus

56
Q

what is the first branch off the internal carotid artery

A

ophthalmic artery

57
Q

after giving off the ophthalmic artery, the ICA terminates how

A

by dividing into anterior and middle cerebral aa.

58
Q

how does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit

A

via the optic canal under the optic nerve (CN II)

59
Q

why is the ophthalmic artery clinically relevant

A

it is the only artery to supply the retina and a tumor of CN II may occlude the blood supply to the retina or an aneurism of the ophthalmic artery may compress the CN II

-either may result in impaired vision or blindness

60
Q

How does the ICA enter the base of the skull

A

via the carotid canal and then passes horizontally within the bone to enter the cavernous sinus via the upper opening of the foramen lacerum

61
Q

the inferior opening of the foramen lacerum does not allow the ICA to pass through it why

A

because it is closed in life by fibrocartilage

62
Q

once inside the cavernous sinus, the ICA exhibits what shape

A

S-shape (siphon)

63
Q

what nerve lies lateral to the ICA in the cavernous sinus

A

abducens nerve (CN VI); both are wrapped in endothelium and bathed in venous blood

64
Q

the internal carotid artery has 3 parts in the region of the cavernous sinus, what are they

A

petrous, cavernous, cerebral (diagram on page 328)

ANA (17 decks)

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