last-2 Flashcards
Influenza Tx and Prevention
Prevention -Immunization -Careful worldwide surveillance. Tx -Use of drugs -Most effective when administered early -Aspirin should be avoided.
AIDS & HIV
AIDS -Recognized as a distinct disease in 1981. -HIV is the causative agent. HIV -As many as 1.4 million people infected.
HIV
Divided into two types:
-HIV-1 more virulent type.
-HIV-2 less virulent and causes a milder, AIDS like disease.
Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients.
Most common is pneumonia caused by protist Pneumocystis jiroveci.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Frequent “nonmicrobial” disease in AIDS patients.
-An atypical cancer caused by herpesvirus.
HIV pathogenesis
HIV infects cells that contain CD4 cell surface protein.
Most commonly infected macrophages and T-helper cells.
HIV also interacts with co-receptors on target cells.
HIV pathogenesis: How?
HIV infection does not immediately kill host.
Infection results in progressive decline in CD4 cells.
As number of CD4 cells declines, cytokine production falls, leading to reduction of immune response.
HIV detection
HIV infection can be diagnosed with an HIV-ELISA, HIV-immunobot, or rapid tests.
-Fail to detect infection in individuals who recently acquired HIV and have not made a detectable antibody.
RT-PCR can detect HIV RNA directly from blood and estimate the number of viruses present.
-Useful for early detection.
HIV Tx
Four classes of drugs delay symptoms of AIDS and prolong life.
-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-Protease inhibitors
-Fusion inhibitors
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
-multiple drugs given concurrently
HIV prevention and Future
No effective vaccine for HIV.
Prevention of spread of HIV infection requires education and avoidance of high-risk behavior.
Cells with CCR5 cell receptor
HIV cannot recognize these cells and will not enter these cells.
-No infection!
