chapter 28-4

Question 1

The adaptive immune response: Specificity

Answer 1

Specificity: Immune cells recognize and reset with individual molecules (antigens) via direct molecular interactions.

Question 2

The adaptive immune response: Memory

Answer 2

The immune response to a specific antigen is faster and stronger upon subsequent exposure because the initial antigen exposure induced growth and division f antigen reactive cells, resulting in multiple copies of antigen reactive cells.

Question 3

The adaptive immune response: Tolerance

Answer 3

Immune cells are not able to react with self antigen. Self reactive cells are destroyed during development of the immune response.

Question 4

Natural immunity

Answer 4

Animals normally develop:

• Natural active immunity
• –By acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response.
• Natural passive immunity
• –Through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk.

Question 5

Immune Deficiencies

Answer 5

Agammaglobulinemia: cannot make antibodies because of genetic defects in B-cells.
DiGeorge’s syndrome: development defect that prevents maturation of thymus and inhibits production of mature T cells.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Question 6

Artificial Immunity

Answer 6

Artificial induction of immunity to individual infectious diseases:

• Artificial active immunity (vaccination)
• –Exposure to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies.
• Artificial passive immunity
• –Injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual.

Question 7

Immunization

Answer 7

Process of generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen or an antigen mixture (vaccine).
Most either attenuated or inactivated pathogens or inactivated microbial products
-Immunization with live cells or virus usually more effective than with dead or inactivated material.

Question 8

Immunization: Importance

Answer 8

Important in controlling infectious diseases.

Immunizations usually involve a series of secondary or “booster” immunizations to produce a secondary response.

Question 9

New Immunization strategies

Answer 9

Alternative approaches for immunizations that eliminate exposure to microbes and protein antigens.

• Synthetic peptides (foot and mouth)
• Recombinant vector vaccines (rabies)
• Recombinant antigen vaccines (Hep B)
• DNA vaccines: based on expression of cloned genes in host cells.