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Clinical Lab Procedures > Laboratory Equipment > Flashcards

Laboratory Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Macroscopic

A

large enough to be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

Microscopic

A

can only be seen through a microscope

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3
Q

Working Distance

A

distance between objective lens and specimen

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4
Q

Resolution (Resolving Power)

A

detail produce by a microscope

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5
Q

Field

A

area in view

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6
Q

Magnification

A

the degree to which an object is enlarged

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7
Q

Total Magnification

A

eyepiece magnification (10x) x objective magnification

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8
Q

Parfocal

A

ability of a microscope to remain in focus when switching objectives

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9
Q

Reversibility

A

mirrors that reverse an image so specimen can be viewed

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10
Q

Monocular

A

one eyepiece

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11
Q

Binocular

A

two eyepieces

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12
Q

What is the 4x objective called?

A

scanning objective

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13
Q

What is the 10x objective called?

A

fecal objective

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14
Q

What is the 40x objective called?

A

high dry objective

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15
Q

What is the 100x objective called?

A

oil immersion objective

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16
Q

Stage

A

supports the slide/specimen being viewed

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17
Q

Stage Adjustment

A

moves stage side to side or forward and back

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18
Q

Rotating Nose Piece

A

spins objectives of different sizes

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19
Q

Objectives

A

magnifying lenses that are closest to the specimen, can be changes to increase magnification

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20
Q

Condenser

A

focuses light into the objectives, adjustments can change contrast

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21
Q

Coarse Adjustment

A

focuses the image; can move the stage quickly, a large distance

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22
Q

Illuminator

A

light source

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23
Q

What kind of paper should be used to clean the objectives?

A

lens paper

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24
Q

Supernatant

A

the liquid portion of the sample, such as plasma or serum

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25
Q

What is a micro centrifuge?

A

used for capillary (hematocrit) tubes

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26
Q

What is a clinical centrifuge?

A

used for test tubes

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27
Q

What are the two types of clinical centrifuges?

A

angled and horizontal

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28
Q

What is an angled centrifuge?

A

holds test tubes at a fixed angle
can be used for urine and blood

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29
Q

What is the tachometer on a centrifuge?

A

sets the speed

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30
Q

How should tubes be loaded into a centrifuge?

A

open end of tubes towards the center

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31
Q

What can happen if a centrifuge is ran too fast or too long?

A

can rupture and destroy morphologic features in the sediment

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32
Q

What is a refractometer?

A

used to measure concentration of solids in liquids

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33
Q

What does a refractometer measure specific gravity in?

A

urine or other fluids

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34
Q

What does a refractometer measure total protein of?

A

plasma or other fluids

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35
Q

Specific gravity and total protein of a solution ________________________.

A

are directly proportional to its concentration of dissolved substances

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36
Q

Pertaining to SG/TP, decreased water intake = ______________________________

A

increased values

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37
Q

Pertaining to SG/TP, increased water intake = ____________________________

A

decreased values

38
Q

What is a hemacytometer?

A

specialized slide with etched grids to count WBC, RBC, and platelets

39
Q

What objective do you use to look at hemacytometers?

A

10x

40
Q

When reading a hemacytometer, how do you know if you have read it right?

A

cell amounts on each side should not vary more than 10%

41
Q

What are blood chemistry machines?

A

use liquid or dry reagents or slides than contain dry reagents

42
Q

What are dry systems (blood chemistry machines)?

A

reagent impregnated slides, pads or cartridges
use reflective assays (color change if present)

43
Q

What are liquid systems (blood chemistry machines)?

A

use lyophilized reagent, or already prepared liquid reagent

44
Q

What are dedicated-use analyzers?

A

used if only a single test is required
used in emergency situations

45
Q

What is the care and maintenance for blood chemistry machines?

A

have warm up period
best to turn on in the and then leave them on all day
follow manufacturer maintenance schedule

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of commercial labs (out of house)?

A

samples are not as fresh, longer waiting time

47
Q

What is an incubator used for?

A

microbiology

48
Q

What should stay constant with an incubator?

A

temperature (37*C)

49
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

50
Q

What do WBC’s do?

A

fight infections

51
Q

What do RBC’s do?

A

carries oxygen

52
Q

What is MCHC?

A

amount of hemoglobin in RBC’s

53
Q

RDW

A

red cell distribution width

54
Q

What is RDW?

A

how wide red blood cell is
avg. = 7 microns

55
Q

What is general glassware?

A

dose not measure exact amounts

56
Q

What are some examples of volumetric glassware?

A

graduated cylinder, volumetric pipette, Pasteur pipette, volumetric flask

57
Q

When sending out bloodwork, what should be noted in the chart?

A

if the patient has any medications administered prior to drawing a sample

58
Q

What can happen if a patient is not properly fasted before drawing a sample?

A

sample can be lipemic (fatty serum)

59
Q

When drawing a sample, what needle should be used?

A

largest size that is comfortable for the animal

60
Q

Why is it important to minimize trauma during venipuncture?

A

could cause hemolysis (damaged RBC)

61
Q

If a sample is not used within an hour, what should be done?

A

put in fridge

62
Q

When you need to use a refrigerated sample, what should be done?

A

sample should be brought back to room temperature and put on a blood rocker

63
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

90% water and 10% solutes

64
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

contains WBCs and platelets

65
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

plasma protein

66
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

plasma has protein, serum does not

67
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

helps form blood clots

68
Q

Resolution (Resolving Power)

A

detail produced by microscope

69
Q

Field

A

area in view

70
Q

Total Magnification

A

eyepiece magnification (10x) x objective magnification

71
Q

Eyepieces

A

usually two; pieces you look through to view a specimen

72
Q

Fine Adjustment

A

focuses the image, moves the stage in very small increments

73
Q

Iris Diaphragm

A

controls diameter of the light beam

74
Q

Sediment

A

the solid component of the sample, such as the blood cells

75
Q

What is a horizontal centrifuge?

A

aka swing arm; test tubes hang vertically at rest and swing outward when spinning
used for feces or urine

76
Q

What can happen if a centrifuge is ran too slow or not long enough?

A

may not completely separate sample

77
Q

What do whole blood machines (hematology analyzer [Lasercyte]) do?

A

generates hematologic data for the CBC
counts cells and determines the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and MCHC

78
Q

What should stay in the incubator to maintain proper humidity?

A

a dish of water

79
Q

What do platelets do?

A

helps to clot the blood

80
Q

What is HCT?

A

percent of RBC in whole blood

81
Q

MCHC

A

mean carpuscular hemoglobin concentration

82
Q

What are some examples of general glassware?

A

culture tubes, petri dish, centrifuge tubes, blood tubes, Erlenmeyer flask, and beaker

83
Q

What is volumetric glassware?

A

transfers, delivers, and stores exact amounts, permanently etches calibration marks

84
Q

When drawing blood, what is the most preferred blood sample?

A

venous

85
Q

What is ideal prior to testing a patient?

A

12-hr fast

86
Q

How much blood should you collect for testing?

A

enough blood to run your test 3x

87
Q

When should blood smears be made?

A

should be made within 15 minutes of collecting the sample

88
Q

What does clotted blood yield?

A

serum

89
Q

What does unclotted blood yield?

A

plasma

90
Q

What is the ideal time for serum separator clot?

A

15 minutes, can clot in roughly 10 minutes

Clinical Lab Procedures (13 decks)

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