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Clinical Lab Procedures > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of an organ or in a select area of tissue

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

abnormal increase in the number of cells

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3
Q

Neoplasm

A

change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form that is abnormal for that tissue

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4
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormality of development; alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells

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5
Q

Anaplasia

A

term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells

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6
Q

How is a blade held for a skin scraping?

A

perpendicular to lesion or area to be scraped

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7
Q

How is a Touch Imprint done?

A

expose a piece of tissue, cut into surface of lesion, blot with dry gauze to remove excess fluids, touch sample several times to a clean slide

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8
Q

What is a non-aspiration also called?

A

capillary technique/stab technique

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9
Q

What are some common problems with fine needle biopsy’s?

A

no to few cells, blood contamination, poorly prepared slides

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10
Q

How is a linear/line slide prep done?

A

remove needle from syringe, aspirate air into syringe, expel contents of needle onto microscope slide near frosted edge, prepare slide in same manner as a blood smear

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11
Q

How is a starfish smear done?

A

remove needle from syringe, aspirate air into syringe, transfer sample to middle of clean slide, use needle tip and drag through sample at various lengths and directions

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12
Q

How is a compression/squash slide prep done?

A

remove needle from syringe, aspirate air into syringe, transfer sample to middle of clean slide, apply a second slide perpendicular or parallel to sample slide, pull slide #2 evenly across the sample slide

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13
Q

How is a modified compression/squash slide prep done?

A

remove needle from syringe, aspirate air into syringe, transfer sample to middle of clean slide, place second slide perpendicular to sample slide, rotate top slide 45 degrees and lift upward

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14
Q

How is a combination cytological slide prep done?

A

remove needle from syringe, aspirate air into syringe, transfer sample to middle of slide, 1/3 sample is prepared as a squash/compression technique, leave middle section alone, last 1/3 of sample is prepared as a line prep

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15
Q

What are the two methods of tissue biopsy?

A

wedge and punch biopsy

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16
Q

How is a wedge biopsy done?

A

obtained with scalpel blade, cut a “triangle” like shape into skin to obtain all edges of lesion

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17
Q

What is a bunch biopsy also called?

A

Keyes biopsy punch

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18
Q

What should be recorded after a centesis is done?

A

total volume collected, color of fluid, turbidity (clear or cloudy), TP, sediment

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19
Q

When examining fluid samples, what is done?

A

multiple slides are made, excess fluid is placed in EDTA tube, observe viscosity

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20
Q

How long should cytology’s stay in the fixative (stain)?

A

2-5 minutes

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21
Q

What are the two general types of stains that are used?

A

Romanowsky Stain, New Methylene Blue

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of Romanowsky stains?

A

Wright’s stain, Giemsa, Diff Quik

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23
Q

What are the 5 concerns of Romanowsky stains?

A

excessive blue, excessive pink, inadequate stained nucleated cells, uneven staining, precipitate

24
Q

What stain detects the presence of bacteria?

A

Gram Stain

25
Q

What is Hematoxin/eosin stain used for?

A

histological evaluations

26
Q

What is Papanicolaou’s Stain used for?

A

commonly used in human gynecological exams (pap smear)
provides good nuclear detail

27
Q

What is a degenerative neutrophil?

A

hypersegmented neutrophil

28
Q

What is a nondegenerative neutrophil?

A

normal neutrophil

29
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

oval cell with odd shaped nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, perinuclear clear zone

30
Q

What are mesothelial cells?

A

round with round to oval nucleus, may react to fluid and change shape, resemble plasma cell

31
Q

What are mast cells?

A

round to oval, numerous blue to purple cytoplasmic granules, granules contain histamine and heparin

32
Q

What total nucleated cell count (TNCC) is indicative of inflammation?

A

> 5000/ul

33
Q

What is purulent inflammation?

A

acute inflammation, 85% neutrophils, may also seen macrophages and lymphocytes

34
Q

What is pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

50% macrophages, 75% neutrophils

35
Q

What causes purulent inflammation?

A

may be due to bacteria

36
Q

What causes pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

can be due to parasitic or fungal infections

37
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

chronic, 70% monocytes, macrophages, and giant cells, few neutrophils

38
Q

What is eosinophilic inflammation?

A

greater than 10% eosinophils, may also see mast cells, plasma cell and lymphocytes

39
Q

What are the characteristics of benign lesions?

A

self-contained and localized, homogenous (cells are consistently the same), usually grow slowly, does not spread

40
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant lesions?

A

invasive/aggressive, can grow quickly, able to spread

41
Q

Anisocytosis

A

variation in cell size, sign of malignancy

42
Q

Macrocytosis

A

larger than normal, sign of malignancy

43
Q

Hypercellularity

A

increased cell exfoliation, sign of malignancy

44
Q

Pleomorphism

A

variable size and shape in cells of the same type, sign of malignancy

45
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

variation in nuclear size, sign of malignancy

46
Q

What cytoplasm criteria suggests malignancy?

A

vacuoles in cytoplasm, basophilic cytoplasm

47
Q

When are Epithelial cells seen in malignant neoplastic tissue?

A

carcinoma/adenocarcinoma

48
Q

What do Epithelial cells look like?

A

round to caudate, large cells with cellular variation and nuclei may become smooth and coarse, multinucleated

49
Q

When are Mesenchymal cells seen in malignant neoplastic tissue?

A

sarcoma

50
Q

What do Mesenchymal cells look like?

A

spindle to stellate, small to medium sized

51
Q

When are Discrete round cells seen in malignant neoplastic tissue?

A

round cell tumors

52
Q

What do Discrete round cells look like?

A

round, small to medium size

53
Q

When do lipomas occur?

A

generally occur in adult dogs, 8+ years old

54
Q

Where can lipomas occur?

A

SQ area of the chest, abdomen, legs, axillary regions

55
Q

What are the characteristics of lipomas?

A

SQ growths of variable size and shape, slow growing, feel soft and spongy on palpation, skin in freely movable over tumor and tumor is not attached to underlying tissue

Clinical Lab Procedures (13 decks)

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