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BIO 286 - Microbiology > Lab Quiz 3: Acid-Fast Stain, Bacterial Motility, Protozoa, and Fungal Slide Culture (Bio 286 - Microbiology) > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 3: Acid-Fast Stain, Bacterial Motility, Protozoa, and Fungal Slide Culture (Bio 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards

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1
Q

(Kinyoun) acid-fast stain

A

differential stain; differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)

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2
Q

Kinyoun acid-fast stain process

A
  1. primary stain - basic fuchsin… 2. mordant - phenol… 3. decolorizer - acid alcohol… 4. secondary stain - methylene blue
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3
Q

(Kinyoun) primary stain/mordant

A

basic fuchsin - phenol (15 minutes)

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4
Q

(Kinyoun) decolorizer

A

acid alcohol (10 seconds)

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5
Q

(Kinyoun) secondary stain

A

methylene blue (1 minute)

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6
Q

appearance of acid-fast cells after basic fuchsin / phenol

A

colorless -> red

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7
Q

appearance of acid-fast cells after acid alcohol

A

red

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8
Q

appearance of acid-fast cells after methylene blue

A

RED

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9
Q

appearance of non-acid fast cells after basic fuchsin / phenol

A

red

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10
Q

appearance of non-acid fast cells after acid alcohol

A

colorless

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11
Q

appearance of non-acid fast cells after methylene blue

A

BLUE

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12
Q

Kinyoun technique

A

a method of acid-fast staining that does not use heat; “cold” method of staining

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13
Q

mycobacterium

A

tuberculosis (TB) and leprae (leprosy); smegmatis (nonpathogenic, normal microbiota of skin)

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14
Q

mycolic acids (wax)

A

prevents most stains from binding, so acid-fast staining procedure is utilized

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15
Q

flagella

A

external bacterial structures that enable motility in liquid media; moving cells by rapidly rotating and providing thrust; structures that are very thin and fragile

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16
Q

monotrichous flagella

A

single flagellum at one end

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17
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

two flagella with one at each end

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18
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

flagella that cover the surface of a cell

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19
Q

lophotrichous flagella

A

multiple flagella at one end

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20
Q

motility

A

flagella are thin “electric motors” that spin; need to be “thickened” like eyelashes with mascara to be viewed

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21
Q

swarming motility

A

coordinated propulsion involving a group of bacteria moving together via flagella

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22
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled, non-photosynthetic, primarily free-living organisms… do not posses a cell wall, but are covered with a pellicle

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23
Q

pellicle

A

series of flexible protein strips that maintains the protozoan cell’s shape and provides strength while remaining flexible

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24
Q

polymorphic

A

protozoan life cycle has more than one stage

25
Q

cyst

A

infective form/resting form of a pathogenic protozoa; is resistant to heat, acid, and drying (but less so than an endospore)

26
Q

trophozoite

A

the active form of a pathogenic protozoa once its cyst form is ingested; the stage in which it will grow and reproduce and form cysts under unfavorable conditions

27
Q

pleomorphic

A

protozoa have more than one trophozoite form

28
Q

polyphyletic

A

the protozoa are split amongst many different groups that are only distantly related genetically, as in the past they were classified based on their mechanism of motility (amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, and nonmotile)

29
Q

amoebozoa

A

organisms that move using pseudopodia (“false feet”), namely the amoeba; reproduce by binary fission and feed by engulfing their prey with their pseudopodia; pathogenic sarcodine: entamoeba histolytica

30
Q

cercozoa

A

group of amoeba that differs by having a calcium carbonate shell (called a test)

31
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

related to amoeba

32
Q

alveolata

A

organisms possessing a complex cortical structure containing alveoli, extrusomes, and a microtubule framework

33
Q

ciliphora

A

alveolata organisms that move using cilia (“eyelashes”); most are free living (inclduing Paramceium and Didinium) which are common inhabitants of pond water; reproduce asexually by longitudinal binary fission; contain two nuclei – macronucleus containing several active copies of chromosomes (used for growth and metabolism) and micronucleus containing one quiescent copy of chromosomes (used during genetic exchange); in sexual reproduction the two ciliates fuse in a process called conjugation where micronuclei are exchanged; only parasitic ciliate: balantidium coli (largest protozoan found in gut)

34
Q

apicomplexans

A

alveolata organisms; nonmotile protozoa; obligate parasites; characterized by several organelles at one tip of cell; includes Plasmodium (causative agent of malaria) and toxoplasma and sarcocystis

35
Q

discicristata or euglenozoa

A

members of mastigophora - organisms that move using a flagellum (“whip”); reproduce by lateral binary fission or a complex sexual cycle involving two different hosts; have a deep oral groove and possess disk-shaped mitochondria; hemoflagellates affect circulatory system of infected humans (including Trypanosoma and Leishmania); sexual cycles of these parasites occurs in an insect or arthropod vector so when a carrier bites a human the blood stream is infected

36
Q

excavata

A

organisms that do not have mitochondria; including important pathogens such as giardia lamblia; normally infects through ingestion of infective cysts where the trophozoite form will emerge and reproduce once the cysts reach the intestine, causing diarrhea; during growth some cells re-cyst and are passed back into environment with feces (while few living trophozoites remaining in fecal matter quickly dying upon removal from intestine); trichomonas vaginalis causes vaginal infections (with no cyst stage, directly transmitted trophozoite through physical contact)

37
Q

microsporidia (opisthokonta)

A

non-motile protozoa; potential pathogens lack both microtubules and mitochondria; thought to be more related to fungi rather than protists (like oomycetes)

38
Q

protozoa characteristics

A

aquatic organisms; apex predators; single cell; no cell wall; motile

39
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

of Sarcodina; Causative agent of amoebic dysentery, a severe diarrheal disease associated with ingestion of contaminated food or water; viewed on 100x magnification

40
Q

Balantidium coli

A

of Ciliophora; The only ciliate human pathogen, these cells are transmitted by fecal contamination; viewed on 4x/10x magnification

41
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

of Mastigophora; only has Trophozoite form;Causes vaginitis and is an example of a sexually transmitted protozoan; viewed on 40x magnification

42
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

of Excavata; Giardia has a much reduced (nearly absent) (lost) mitochondria. Causes diarrheal diseases; viewed on 100x magnification

43
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

of Apicomplexans; The ring stage trophozoite can be seen in some red blood cells of malaria infected organisms; viewed on 40x magnification

44
Q

fungi

A

group of eukaryotic microbes that can exist as single-celled or multicellular forms; cell wall is composed of chitin (type of polysaccharide); fungal membrane uses ergosterol (reinforcing agent)

45
Q

yeast

A

single celled fungi

46
Q

molds, mildews, mushrooms

A

multicellular fungi forms

47
Q

saprophytes

A

vast majority of fungi live by decomposing dead organisms; secrete exoenzymes to break down larger molecules before transporting smaller subunits into cells

48
Q

mycoses

A

fungi that can cause infections, but usually limited to skin infections (systemic infections are rare but usually fatal)

49
Q

kingdom fungi divisions

A

chytridomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

50
Q

mycologists

A

scientists who study fungi

51
Q

hyphae

A

filamentous structure of multicellular fungi; main mode of vegetative growth; collectively called a mycelium

52
Q

septate

A

hyphae that are divided into cells by internal cross walls; usually perforated by pores large enough for organelles to flow between cells

53
Q

coenocytic

A

aseptate hyphae; hyphae are not partitioned by septa internal cross walls

54
Q

fungi characteristics

A

terrestrial; single celled (yeast) or multicellular (mold); cell wall is made of chitin; cell membrane contains sterol called ergosterol

55
Q

lactophenol cotton blue

A

stains fungal cell walls blue

56
Q

Fusarium verticillioides

A

member of the class Ascomycetes and has septate hyphae; filamentous fungus widely distributed on plants and in the soil; “football-shaped” macroconidia; may cause various infections in humans – opportunistic mycoses.

57
Q

Penicillium chrysogenum

A

member of the class Ascomycetes and has septate hyphae; filamentous fungus that is widespread – it can be found in soil, decaying vegetation, and the air; conidia form on finger-like projections; may cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised hosts; fungus that produces the antibiotic penicillin.

58
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

member of the class Zygomycetes and has coenocytic hyphae; cosmopolitan filamentous fungus found in soil, decaying fruit and vegetables, animal feces, and old bread (black bread mold); common contaminants, but can also cause occasional serious (and often fatal) infections in humans; some species are plant pathogens.

59
Q

Syncephalastrum racemosum

A

member of the class Zygomycetes and has coenocytic hyphae; filamentous fungus that is commonly isolated from soil and animal feces particularly in tropical and subtropical areas; heterothallic fungus that requires a mating strain to produce zygospores; commonly considered as a contaminant and very rarely associated with human disease.

BIO 286 - Microbiology (21 decks)

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